Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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iodiversity conservation. The key feature of the linked incentive strategy involves developing dependant relationships between the biodiversity and the surrounding people (Salafsky & Wollenberg, 2000). Community conservation was taken up as the perfect solution to the problem of biodiversity conservation but in the years since the creation of the first ICDP in 1985 the strategy has received a lot of criticism from those both in the biological and social sciences. Many of the projects that started with such promise have been deemed failures, although there have some exceptions to this. Mogelgaard (2003) gives examples of both successes and failures of ICDPs; the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal, the Amboro National Park, Bolivia and the Bwindi Impenetrable Forest, Uganda have all been deemed successes whereas the Monarch Butterfly Overwintering Reserves, Mexico and the Lak ICDP, Papua New Guinea are all regarded as failures. The failures that have occurred with ‘new conservation’ do not mean that this framework for conservation should be abandoned. Rather than treating past projects as abject failures planning and implementation for future projects needs to absorb lessons that have been learned. ICDPs need longer time frames, and should emphasise adaptive management rather than detailed blueprint planning. There is a need to focus on the development of sets of institutions that are effectively linked and that can exercise checks and balances over each other. Finally community-private business partnerships must be strengthened so that higher value forms of wildlife utilisation can be developed and benefits shared more equitably with local residents (Hulme and Murphree, 2001). 28
Sustainable Use of Wild Populations Alongside attempts to reconcile the goals of conservation and development in recent years there has been a growing acceptance of the use of the market in conservation whether it be through the sustainable production of wildlife or the use of eco-tourism in funding conservation projects. If species and habitats are to be conserved they must not be protected from market forces as that will place them in the hands of an inefficient state causing them to degrade as rent-seeking public officials take bribes from poachers and timber companies. Rather they must be fully exposed to a market where their uniqueness and scarcity will lead to high economic values being placed upon them so that the likelihood of conservation is greatly enhanced (Hulme & Murphree, 1999). Levine (2002) cites a statement made by President Nyerere of Tanganyika: “I personally am not interested in animals. I do not want to spend my holidays watching crocodiles. Nevertheless, I am entirely in favour of their survival. I believe that after diamonds and sisal, wild animals will provide Tanganyika with its greatest source of income. Thousands of Americans and Europeans have the strange urge to see these animals.” Throughout the history of mankind, harvesting of wild species has been a vital part of human survival. The direct use of wild living resources still remains an imperative choice for many people (Hutton & Leader-Williams, 2003). Although many industrialised countries have come to have less dependence on the use of wild animal populations these countries still have demands on wildlife. Use of wild species remains an important need and choice for many rural livelihoods (Sanderson & Prendergast, 2002 cited in Hutton & 29
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16: During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17 and 18: initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20: the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27: national park policies for their di
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43 and 44: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69: This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71: Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73: approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75: delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77: utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79:
The supplementary income represents
Page 81:
7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85:
Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87:
Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89:
Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91:
(UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93:
Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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