Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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The principles of this protectionist conservation continued through the twentieth century. Following the end of World War Two, increasingly formal regimes of conservation administration were established (Adams & Hulme, 2001). People were officially prohibited from living inside Serengeti and all future park boundaries in 1959, setting the template for conservation programmes to come (Levine, 2002). Policy was often based on a coercive form of protectionism that ignored the needs of the local people (Metcalfe, 1995 cited in Hackel, 1999). Common elements of protectionism included hunting restrictions, protected species designations and game reserve establishment (usually excluding people from protected areas) (Carruthers, 1993 cited in Hackel, 1999). Integrating Conservation and Development The strategy of the formation of protected areas continues to the present day but from the 1970s onwards there was a growing realisation that protectionism alone would not achieve the goal of the conservation of nature. These sentiments came both from conservation biology and the social sciences. In 1980 the IUCN, along with the UNEP and WWF, produced the World Conservation Strategy (WCS). The WCS was intended to show ‘how conservation can contribute to the development objectives of governments, industry and commerce, organised labour and professions’, as well as being the first time that development was suggested ‘as a major means of achieving conservation, instead of being viewed as an obstruction to it’ (Allen, 1980 cited in Adams, 1990). Increased levels of poaching and encroachment onto protected areas during the 1980s exposed weakness in the premise of the ‘fences and fines’ approach to conservation. In the 1980s writers from a variety of social science disciplines began to heavily criticise the implementation of 26
national park policies for their disregard of local property claims and human rights (Neuman, 1998). Publications such as Our Common Future (Brundtland, 1987), that presented the concept that conservation and development could now work together, afforded new perceptions that were realised in the strategy of community conservation. It appeared that simply through linking livelihoods with conservation, previous thoughts of the complete incompatibility between the conservation of natural resources and human development could be overcome. Thus, with a general acceptance that a solely protectionist method was a failure, these new strategies were developed in the mid-1980s. The ‘new conservation’ aimed to achieve the goal of conservation with the involvement of local communities. This was because it was surmised that without the support of people within the locale of the conservation activity, the activity itself would be doomed to fail. There was a realisation that the gap that had been created between man and nature needed to be bridged. Community conservation projects came under several titles including Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs), Community Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) and Community Based Conservation. This style of strategy, termed ‘community conservation’ had the premise of linking a ‘community’ ‘to biodiversity’. However, ‘although an alluring idea to policy makers, community conservation is no panacea, and can be problematic in implementation’ (Adams & Hulme, 2001). Integrated Conservation and Development Projects (ICDPs) had the aim of creating the ability for populations within or near to an area of conservation interest to develop economically and socially without impinging on the goals of 27
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16: During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17 and 18: initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20: the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 29 and 30: Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43 and 44: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69: This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71: Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73: approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75: delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77:
utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79:
The supplementary income represents
Page 81:
7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85:
Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87:
Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89:
Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91:
(UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93:
Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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