Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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IFTA was setup in the town of Bulolo in Morobe province in 1978 and has been located there ever since. It began with the remit to act as the central and sole agency to purchase insects on behalf of the Papua New Guinean government and to act essentially as the middleman between farmers and collectors in rural areas and overseas purchasers. The functions of IFTA are to provide a centralised headquarters that facilitates the link between overseas buyers and indigenous farmers, to ensure fixed and reasonable prices are paid to farmers, to ensure that payments are made directly and expediently, to pool stock in order to fulfil large orders and to serve as an educational centre for prospective farmers to provide quality control, marketing, field extension, research and monitoring of Papua New Guinean insects (Parsons, 1999; Mercer & Clark, 1989). During the first ten years of IFTA’s establishment training was conducted in the following regions; Woodlark Island, Bougainville, New Ireland, New Britain, Sepik, Madang, Western Highlands Province, Western Province, Popondetta, Port Moresby, Chimbu, Eastern Highlands Province, Manus and the Duke of York Islands. The agency initially came under the remit of the Division of Wildlife, then was transferred to the Department of Primary Industry and finally in 1989 became a part of the University of Technology’s (Unitech) commercial arm, the University Development Consultancy (UDC) in 1989 (Mercer & Clark, 1989). This gradual transformation of an initially state run monopoly into essentially a private company within the UDC, which has a profit making remit, is a very important factor in the development of the agency. Many departmental and personnel reshuffles within the Department of Environment and Conservation (formerly the Department of Wildlife) as well as personal conflicts involving IFTA staff and DEC have staff has caused a complete loss of support from the government 42
that IFTA initially enjoyed. The consequences of this have been the loss of IFTA’s monopoly and, for a certain period of time, the loss of CITES export permits. In the mid 1990s the DEC began issuing permits for the export of CITES II butterflies to organisations such as IFTA These were issued to; Wau Ecology Institute (Morobe Province), OISCA (West New Britain Province), WEIMAX (Western Highlands Province) & NIF (Morobe Province). DEC's reasoning behind this was that IFTA was failing to work in provinces outside of Morobe yet half of the new organisations were based in Morobe. It is reported that the NIF gained its permit by bribing DEC officials with K30000. Within the department there has also been a tendency against the export of fauna from Papua New Guinea. This resulted in the cessation of live butterfly exports by IFTA in 1998 (Clark, 1998). In 1978 the ranching of two species of Birdwing butterfly, Ornithoptera priamus and Troides oblongomaclatus, began (see photographs 8 and 9). Subsequently through a process of research and lobbying in the 1980s and 1990s IFTA obtained permission from the Department of Wildlife to commercially ranch all of the CITES II listed butterflies in Papua New Guinea. The butterfly farming system that was refined by IFTA involves the planting of butterfly food plants (typically Aristolochia and Adenia vines) within village gardens or in secondary growth forest to enrich the habitat. Butterflies will lay eggs on species specific vines and subsequently caterpillars will use the vine as a food source until it begins to pupate. Once a pupa is formed it can be collected by the farmer and either taken to IFTA as 43
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16: During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17 and 18: initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20: the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27 and 28: national park policies for their di
Page 29 and 30: Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69: This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71: Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73: approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75: delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77: utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79: The supplementary income represents
Page 81: 7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85: Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87: Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89: Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91: (UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93:
Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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