Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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Addressing the first area of influence it appears that the IFTA project has allowed the sustainable use of butterflies and other insect as the same species have been provided to the organisation from the same locale for twenty-five years. However, there is no quantitative proof that farming and collecting has not eroded the integrity of insect populations. Comments made in 1992 still hold true today that there has not been any quantitative work conducted on the effects that butterfly farming has had on wild populations (Martens, 1992). Until this work has been conducted there can be no conclusive evidence that there is a direct link between insect farming/collecting and conservation of biological resources and it is unable to have ‘rightly earned its reputation as an exemplary case of wildlife utilisation’ (Martens, 1992). However, in addressing the second area of conservation influence insect farming and collecting has gone some way to increase awareness that forests can provide an income source other than timber. In the areas studied in this paper butterflies and insects alone do not have a high enough value to persuade people to keep part of their forest as a ‘set aside’ conservation area, but there are reports of people in the Aseki area (a two drive to the east of Bulolo) setting aside forest to act as a source of O. meridionalis. The image of insect farming being a perfect way of providing rural incomes is unfounded and there are many problems facing those using it as a means of income. A reassessment and further research into insect farming and collecting in Papua New Guinea is required. More work needs to be conducted at a village level, especially in the areas that have ceased farming, in Low Income provinces in order to understand why farming or collecting failed in those regions, rather than to rely on conjecture. The insect trading agencies that have fallen outside the scope of this paper need to be investigated before a complete 84
understanding of the uptake and success of insect farming and collecting can be attained. This could prove to be problematic, not only is it unknown whether any of the other insect trading organisations, apart from Wau Ecology Institute, keep any form of records but the legality of these groups, especially NIF, is in doubt. IFTA has been practically stagnant over the past decade. The organisation has been under pressure from the Department of Environment and Conservation, subject to competition in the form of other insect agencies both nationally and internationally and suffered from being inflexible and unadaptable in its current guise. These factors will no doubt have resulted in the organisation underperforming and thus having a direct impact on the uptake and success of insect farming throughout Papua New Guinea. The under performance of the organisation has manifested itself in its lack of capacity to conduct regular training and an inability to pay farmers and collectors regularly and on time. The Insect Farming and Trading Agency needs to be restructured and adapt in order to cope with the factors that have impacted its performance as an organisation over the past decade. One positive step has been the resumption of IFTA training courses earlier this year. This is through the work of a VSO volunteer, David Whittaker, who has initiated have training projects. Training workshops began in July of this year and have been conducted in the following provinces; Western Highlands, Southern Highlands, West New Britain, North Solomons and Morobe. 85
Page 2 and 3:
Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5:
Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7:
Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9:
List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11:
Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14:
Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16:
During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17 and 18:
initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20:
the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21:
Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26:
By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27 and 28:
national park policies for their di
Page 29 and 30:
Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32:
Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43 and 44: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 45: highly sought after butterflies. Wh
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69: This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71: Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73: approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75: delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77: utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79: The supplementary income represents
Page 81: 7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 86 and 87: Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89: Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91: (UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93: Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95: Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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