Rob Small's Masters Thesis: Uptake and the success of insect ...

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a pupa or the farmer can wait for it to hatch and take the dead specimen for sale. The steps involved in butterfly farming are illustrated in fig. 1. This system of butterfly farming requires a low financial input and wild stocks of butterflies are not depleted as the farmer should leave half the pupa on the vine to repopulate the “farm”. The informal arrangement of vines that constitutes a PNG butterfly farm however make sit very difficult for a farmer to know how many pupa are present on his vines and thus how many he should collect: ‘this is a very inexact approach to conservation’ (Parson, 1999). Strictly the farming of butterflies in this manner should be referred to as ranching since the pupa that are collected come from wild and not captive butterflies. However, in line with conventional use, the term farming shall be adhered to for the rest of the text. As well as the farming of CITES II species IFTA also purchases non-protected wild caught butterflies and other insects such as beetles (see photographs 10 and 11). It is thought that it is not the collecting of insects that is harmful to wild populations’ number but habitat destruction. In the Kenyan Arabuko-Sokoke Forest the effect of capture on butterfly species abundance and diversity was monitored over a four year period of collection. The results revealed no significant change in the abundance of either collected or uncollected species, suggesting that butterfly capture was having no profound impact on wild populations’ (Rodgers et al., 2002). Therefore, provided the resource is wisely used, the distinction between farmed and wild-caught butterflies is not important in the context of conservation (Morris, 1986 cited in Parsons, 1999). Peter Clark set the price of these butterflies arbitrarily during this period. At this point IFTA was in a monopoly position and was essentially able to name their price on these 44
highly sought after butterflies. When the ranching of Ornithoptera goliath (O. goliath) began in 1993 IFTA paid the ranchers 60 Kina per pair and sold them on for on average 200 Kina per pair (Clark, 1993). However when numerous dealers illegally exported O. goliath and other birdwings in Irian Jaya the prices collapsed, even hurting the Papua New Guinean market in this species (Slone, 1994). IFTA in its current guise is thus faced with a suite of problems including competition from within Papua New Guinea due to new licensed insect traders, competition out-with Papua New Guinea from expanding operations in West Papua and the Solomon Islands and a disharmonious relationship with the Department of Environment and Conservation. Compounding this has been the management of IFTA which has in the past 5 years been conducted by two successive volunteers from Voluntary Services Overseas. Even though these individuals have proved excellent managers, the discontinuity in staffing and an increasing reliance on the goodwill of volunteers has no doubt adversely affected the organisation. It is in this context that the uptake and success of insect farming and collecting shall be explored in the following chapter. 45
Page 2 and 3: Declaration of Originality I hereby
Page 4 and 5: Contents DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY
Page 6 and 7: Discussion 56 CHAPTER 5 67 CASE STU
Page 8 and 9: List of Tables Table 1 Average per
Page 10 and 11: Introduction The collection of butt
Page 13 and 14: Chapter 1 Post Independent Papua Ne
Page 15 and 16: During WWII there was conflict both
Page 17 and 18: initially began due to the impact t
Page 19 and 20: the ‘development’ that they sho
Page 21: Due to PNG’s dependence on natura
Page 25 and 26: By the 19 th century ideas about na
Page 27 and 28: national park policies for their di
Page 29 and 30: Sustainable Use of Wild Populations
Page 31 and 32: Conservation in the context of expl
Page 33 and 34: • Planning large-scale developmen
Page 35 and 36: Chapter 3 Butterfly Collection and
Page 37 and 38: (Flannery, 1995b). These facts and
Page 39 and 40: Insect Trade in Papua New Guinea Th
Page 41 and 42: Borch was employed as an agricultur
Page 43: that IFTA initially enjoyed. The co
Page 52 and 53: presentation of a series of case st
Page 54 and 55: Annual Provincial Earnings Fig.4 sh
Page 56 and 57: Discussion The results that have be
Page 58 and 59: How long do individuals work as far
Page 60 and 61: Map 4. Insect Farming and Collectin
Page 62 and 63: 140000 120000 100000 Income (Kina)
Page 64 and 65: Income (Kina) 1600 1400 1200 1000 8
Page 66 and 67: 450 400 Number of Collecotrs and Fa
Page 68 and 69: This case is based on Ken Kube (see
Page 70 and 71: Ken’s income from butterfly colle
Page 72 and 73: approximately 100 tourists per year
Page 74 and 75: delicate world market in Papua New
Page 76 and 77: utterfly. He believes the price for
Page 78 and 79: The supplementary income represents
Page 81: 7000 6000 5000 Income (Kina) 4000 3
Page 84 and 85: Addressing the first area of influe
Page 86 and 87: Further research and assistance for
Page 88 and 89: Clark, P.B. (1993) Unpublished Lett
Page 90 and 91: (UNCED) Seminar for Sustainable Dev
Page 92 and 93: Martens, H. (1992) Der Schmetterlin
Page 94 and 95:
Rodgers, W.A., Nabanyumya, R., Mupa
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