sgr ms thesis - University of Maine

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53 Figure 5.3. An example clast size distribution plot. Ds is solved by plotting the cumulate number N of clasts below a radius r over several radius intervals. A steeper slope implies a more intense brecciation mechanism as observed from hydraulic, shear, and explosion breccias.
to place a minimum size limit when measuring clasts (Blenkinsop, 1991; Clark and James, 2003; Barnett, 2004). CSD data are commonly presented with respect to 3-dimensional space. If an object is fractal in 2-dimensions, it is also fractal in 3-dimensions, and (5.5) This conversion is validated by the fact that D s refers to the line, surface, or space that dissects the object. An increase in Euclidean dimension requires the same increase in D s (e.g. Sammis et al., 1987). This conversion is justified for a breccia made of a homogeneous, isotropic material, but error can be introduced if this assumption is used on anisotropic materials (e.g. Barnett, 2004; Farris and Paterson, 2007). To reduce this potential error, outcrops with 3 dimensional exposures can be used. Clast distribution can also be expressed as a function of clast frequency versus mass (e.g. Hartmann, 1969; Blenkinsop, 1991), or percent sample by weight versus diameter (see Schoutens, 1979), both of which are directly related to a 3-dimensional distribution. These results also pertain to power law distributions and therefore their slopes are proportional and can be converted to D s (Blenkinsop, 1991; Perfect, 1997). 5.3.2. The Fractal Dimension-Brecciation Mechanism Link for Clast Size Distribution (CSD) Understanding the brecciation mechanism will provide important information on the mechanical response to subsurface volcanic eruption. As CSD results are a function of the self-similar manner by which fractures proliferate 54
Page 1 and 2:
FRACTAL ANALYSIS AND THERMAL-ELASTI
Page 3 and 4:
LIBRARY RIGHTS STATEMENT In present
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emplacement of mafic magma, resulti
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© 2011 Samuel Geoffrey Roy All Rig
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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5.3.5. Clast Circularity Analysis .
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. Figure
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LIST OF TABLES Table 6.1. Table 7.1
Page 17 and 18: subvolcanic magmatic systems, the l
Page 19 and 20: Chapter 2 GEOLOGIC SETTING 2.1. Reg
Page 21 and 22: Somesville granite suite to the wes
Page 23 and 24: Biotite is metamorphic in origin, a
Page 25 and 26: Chapter 3 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF S
Page 27 and 28: thinned lithosphere allows for part
Page 29 and 30: A B C Figure 3.1. Formation of a la
Page 31 and 32: 1997; Branney and Kokelaar, 1998; J
Page 33 and 34: Effusive-Type Eruption max 10 0 - 1
Page 35 and 36: magma quickly intrudes the develope
Page 37 and 38: Piston Downsag Piecemeal Funnel Tra
Page 39 and 40: fragmentation, and thermal energy h
Page 41 and 42: Chapter 4 THERMAL FRAMEWORK FOR CON
Page 43 and 44: contrast, conduction is heat transf
Page 45 and 46: A B Grt C Grt D Crd Crd E 1 mm F Cr
Page 47 and 48: ! ! ! ! Biotite Zone Garnet Zone !
Page 49 and 50: 4.3.1. Model Setup The model is use
Page 51 and 52: to make a “hockey puck” style g
Page 53 and 54: t = 0s t = 1E11 t = 1E12s t = 1E13s
Page 55 and 56: 850 750 650 550 450 400m Into Chamb
Page 57 and 58: approximately 140m thinner. The Sha
Page 59 and 60: Chapter 5 ROCK MECHANICS AND THE FR
Page 61 and 62: A β δ σ 1 σ 3 σ t c a σ 1 σ
Page 63 and 64: friction along the closed crack sur
Page 65 and 66: h h/2 h/4 Figure 5.2. A cube displa
Page 67: where N (≥r) is the count of clas
Page 71 and 72: moment of sudden fracture tip failu
Page 73 and 74: produced results in a self-similar
Page 75 and 76: 13 ln(area) (pixels) 12 11 10 9 ln(
Page 77 and 78: eaction processes were involved in
Page 79 and 80: Chapter 6 ANALYSIS AND RESULTS The
Page 81 and 82: Type 1 Type 2 500 m N Type 1 Type 2
Page 83 and 84: A B Figure 6.3. Type 2 Shatter Zone
Page 85 and 86: A B Figure 6.5. Centimeter-scale bo
Page 87 and 88: A B Figure 6.6. Brecciation texture
Page 89 and 90: The final breccia classified in thi
Page 91 and 92: esolution images of each box were s
Page 93 and 94: Clast circularity data were produce
Page 95 and 96: A 1000 Clast Size Distribu on: Type
Page 97 and 98: diorite dike with D s = 2.62 and R
Page 99 and 100: 6.3.3. Clast Circularity Analysis (
Page 101 and 102: with decreasing clast size in all T
Page 103 and 104: possibilities as postulated previou
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 7 MECHANISMS FOR SECONDARY
Page 107 and 108: magma. To prove the viability of th
Page 109 and 110: mesh to better evaluate large therm
Page 111 and 112: consistent with Type 3 breccias. Th
Page 113 and 114: A temperature versus time plot was
Page 115 and 116: Dimensionless time 0 0.05 0.1 0.15
Page 117 and 118: Figure 7.4 displays model results f
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thermal model ignores advection of
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Zone experienced a relatively weake
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7.4. Thermal-Induced Fracture Field
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Metapelite/hornfels Diorite dike E
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7.4.2. Results and Discussion COMSO
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This thermal fracture model explain
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disaggregation of Bar Harbor clasts
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REFERENCES Acocella, V. (2007). Und
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Billen, M.I. and Gurnis, M. (2001).
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Clarke, D. B. (2007). Assimilation
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Fisher, R.V. (1960). Classification
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Hartmann, W.K. (1969). Terrestrial,
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Johnson, S.E.; Paterson, S.R.; Tate
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Mandelbrot, B.B. (1967). How long i
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Oliver, N.H.S.; Rubenach, M.J.; Fu,
Page 149 and 150:
Schoutens, J.E. (1979). Empirical A
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Wiebe, R.; Holden, J.; Coombs, M.;
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