2010 Progress Report - International Joint Commission

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Progress Report 2010 Emissions (tonnes) Agriculture (Animals) 67% Figure 42. Canadian National NH 3 Emissions by Sector, 2007 Industrial Sources 4% Waste 1% Source: Environment Canada 2010 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 Natural Sources 1% Fertilizer Application 23% Mobile Sources 4% Figure 43. National NH 3 Emissions in Canada, 1985–2007 0 1985 Canada 1990 Source: Environment Canada 2010 1995 2000 2005 Figure 43 depicts the Canadian NH 3 emissions trend from 1985 to 2007, where emissions increased approximately 23% in that period. Similar to Canada, the bulk of the U.S. NH 3 emissions are from agricultural sources, accounting for almost 90% of all emissions in 2007. To address the need for understanding sources, fate and deposition of NH 3 , both Canada and the U.S. have undertaken initiatives to further the scientifi c understanding of NH 3 . In the United States, routine monitoring was identifi ed as a necessary measure in understanding spatial and temporal distribution of ammonia concentrations. To address the monitoring need, the U.S. EPA and NADP have developed the Ammonia Monitoring Network (AMoN), where passive samplers were installed at 20 NADP sites across the U.S., in regions of high NH 3 emissions. Figure 44 shows the locations of the NH 3 monitoring sites across the country. In Canada, an assessment on the role of atmospheric agricultural ammonia in the formation of PM 2.5 was prepared as part of the National Agri-Environmental Standards Initiative (NAESI). The 2008 Canadian Atmospheric Assessment of Agricultural Ammonia describes the state of the science as well as identifi es key knowledge gaps. Atmospheric ammonia research activity is ongoing to address some of the research needs identifi ed by the assessment. One initiative is the launch of a measurement method inter-comparison campaign at the Egbert CAPMoN site in Ontario, with a variety of measurement techniques used in both Canadian and U.S. networks. Additional measurement and modelling work will focus on the Canada–U.S. transboundary region, with a special emphasis on modelling fl ux and transport across the border, and the impact of NH 3 emissions on PM formation in the source and receptor regions in both countries. 72
Figure 44. Ammonia Monitoring Network Scientific and Technical Cooperation and Research Source: US EPA 2010 Impacts of Climate Change on Air Quality Climate change plays an important role in regional air quality, as the latter is dependent on meteorological conditions, which are sensitive to changes in climate. Both Canada and the U.S. are studying the impacts of different climate change scenarios based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) via the coupling of air quality and climate change models. Much of the current work is studying the impacts of a future warmer climate on O 3 formation, as the effects on PM formation are more complicated and less clear. Studies show that an increase in temperature alone has the potential to increase O 3 , especially in alreadyimpacted areas, such as urban centres. In the U.S., the modelling work has focused on the impacts of climate change on ambient O 3 and PM 2.5 levels, as well as the combined effects of a changing climate, along with anticipated precursor emissions decreases. Modelling results show that a climate change-only scenario will result in increases in both mean summer 8-hour and 95 th percentile summer 8-hour maximum concentrations for O 3 , with the increases mainly in the eastern portions of the country. A climate change and emissions reduction scenario results in overall decreases in both the mean and 95 th percentile 8-hour maximum O 3 levels, again with the greatest decreases concentrated in 73
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Canada • United States Air Qualit
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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . .
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LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES
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Progress Report 2010 Introduction B
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3 Progress Report 2010
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Figure 1. Total Canadian Emissions
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y power plants and other sources (s
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Acid Deposition Monitoring, Modelli
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y 2007 the regions receiving greate
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The United States has various progr
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Following guidelines approved by th
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The Off-Road Compression-Ignition E
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Regulation 194/05 (Industry Emissio
Page 27 and 28: The NO x Budget Trading Program (NB
Page 29 and 30: Figure 13. Affected Units in CAIR N
Page 31 and 32: In addition, the EPA had previously
Page 33 and 34: The proposed reductions in air poll
Page 35 and 36: The compilation of the comprehensiv
Page 37 and 38: Figure 18. U.S. NO x Emission Trend
Page 39 and 40: Commitments Figures 20 and 21 show
Page 41 and 42: Ozone Concentration (ppb) 100 90 80
Page 43 and 44: Figure 26. Network of Monitoring Si
Page 45 and 46: (86% of electric utility emissions)
Page 47 and 48: emissions have also been successful
Page 49 and 50: The Transportation and Air Quality
Page 51 and 52: • VOC emissions are the most dive
Page 53 and 54: In the United States, there is an o
Page 55 and 56: As of 2008, over 300 NAPS air monit
Page 57 and 58: Table 3 (continued) MAJOR ROUTINE O
Page 59 and 60: Health Effects CANADA Health Canada
Page 61 and 62: Canadian Health and Exposure Tools
Page 63 and 64: such as premature mortality, hospit
Page 65 and 66: information and the risks posed by
Page 67 and 68: Ecological Effects Aquatic Effects
Page 69 and 70: Reduction in surface water calcium
Page 71 and 72: Declines in sulphate deposition lev
Page 73 and 74: etained within their catchments (la
Page 75 and 76: Environment (CDPHE) and the EPA to
Page 77: Figure 40. Lake and Stream Exceedan
Page 81 and 82: Figure 46. Major Atmospheric Transp
Page 83 and 84: APPENDIX A Canada-U.S. Air Quality
Page 85 and 86: APPENDIX B Appendix B: List of Acro
Page 87 and 88: PCB polychlorinated biphenyl SLAMS
Page 89 and 90: Notes Progress Report 2010 83
Page 91: To obtain additional information, p
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2010 Progress Report - International Joint Commission

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