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Research Cross Validation of Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being However, clarifying the structure of well-being has neither been easy nor straightforward as evidenced by the multitude of conceptual approaches that exist. For instance, Bradburn (1969) proposed that SWB is composed of two components, whereas others state that SWB consists of either 5 five components, 6 six components or 7 seven components. Despite the lack of agreement about the number of dimensions that compose SWB, a number of investigators agree that SWB contains a cognitive and an affective component. 8 The affective component is best understood as a hedonic balance constituting one’s overall emotional tone determined by an individual’s level of positive and negative affect and the difference between these emotional states (Bradburn, 1969). Further, hedonic balance is the conceptual basis for the most well known instrument that measures the affective dimension of well-being 9 The basis of the cognitive component of SWB emerged from studies examining adaptation to gain and recognise the contentment, or life satisfaction, approach. The logic behind this approach is that if one has a favorable evaluation in many life domains, such an evaluation will lead to an overall positive outlook on one’s life and the experience of higher levels of SWB. 3 affective part, refers to both the presence of positive affect (PA) and the absence of negative affect (NA) 4 cognitive part is an information-based appraisal of one’s life. 5 (Lawton, 1975) 6 (Neugarten et al., 1961; Ryff, 1989) 7 (Reker and Peacock, 1981) 8 8 (Andrews and Withey, 1976; Diener, 1984; Diener and Emmons, 1984; Liang, 1984 8 , 1985; Lucas et al., 1996; Stock et al., 1986). 9 Affect Balance Scale (ABS; Bradburn, 1969). 246 PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY 2010
Cross Validation of Ryff Scales of Psychological Well-being Research Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-being According to Ryff (1989), well-being is not composed simply of positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction; rather, well-being is best conceived as a multidimensional construct made up of life attitudes. Based on tenets of humanistic psychology, with such constructs as purpose in life and autonomy, Ryff centers attention on normative criteria for mental health. The result is a means for assessing a person’s level of positive functioning and psychological well-being. Ryff (1989) created the Scales of Psychological Well-Being (SPWB) based on an integration of mental health, clinical, and life span developmental theories. These dimensions are assumed to measure all aspects of wellbeing and include self-acceptance 10 , positive relations with others 11 , autonomy 12 , environmental mastery 13 , purpose in life 14 , and personal growth 15 Ryff, 1989). Ryff and Keyes (1995) examined the structure of Ryff’s six factor model using Structural Equation Modeling. The model that best fitted the data was one of six primary factors joined together by a single higher order factor defined as well-being. Ryff (1989) also performed factor analysis on the six subscales of the SPWB and found highest factor correlation between self-acceptance and environmental mastery (0.76), self acceptance and purpose in life (0.72). 10 Self-Acceptance = positive evaluations of oneself 11 Positive Relations with others = quality relations with others 12 Autonomy = sense of self- determination 13 Environmental Mastery = capacity to effectively manage one’s life and surrounding world 14 Purpose in Life = belief in a purposeful and meaningful life 15 Personal Growth = sense of continued growth and development as a person PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY 2010 247
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