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The Incoherence of Islamic Social Sciences Research THE INCOHERENCE OF ISLAMIC SOCIAL SCIENCES: SOME LESSONS FROM IMAM IBN-i-KHALDOON 1 Abstract S.M.Mahboob-ul-Hassan Bukhari Department of Philosophy University of Karachi Social sciences are generally perceived to be value neutral and capable of being with any other paradigm without falling into contradiction. Attempts have been made to graft social sciences into Islamic knowledge and Islamic Economics, Islamic Sociology, Islamic Political theory etc have emerged as new sciences. These new (grafted) sciences are aimed to bring freedom and progress (Enlightenment values) in the society without transcending the Islamic metaphysics. These sciences rely on an empirical epistemology derived from the Enlightenment which undermines the role of revelation. There appears to be a conflict between Islamic epistemological foundations and quest for freedom and progress. The present paper aims to illuminate this conflict. Social sciences presume a specific metaphysics and a value specific epistemology. This metaphysically grounded epistemology is not consistent with Islamic epistemology which is also value laden on the basis of its own metaphysical assumptions. Hence there appears to be no room for grafting these two incommensurable paradigms: Islamic and Social Sciences. Ibn-i-Khaldoon is relevant in this discourse. He critically examines society and state while remaining loyal to the epistemology which is specific to Islamic metaphysics and considers it essentially non-contestable. This paper aims to explore this incompatibility with reference to Ibn-i-Khaldoon. JEL Classification: Z0000 1 Ibn-i- Khaldun is Abd-ar-Rahman b. Muhammad b. Khaldun al Hadrami (1332-1406): leading statesman and Intellectual of the Islamic west; wrote The Muqadimmah as part of a much larger History of the Berbers during the interludes in a stormy political career spent largely in the emirates of North Africa and Spain PAKISTAN BUSINESS . REVIEW JULY 2010 312
Research The Incoherence of Islamic Social Sciences Introduction The aim of this paper is to show that social sciences are value laden and are not compatible with the Islamic paradigm of knowledge. Ibn-i-Khaldon is relevant as a representative of Islamic paradigm. Social scientists believe that social phenomenon should not be evaluated on the grounds of religious authority. Religious authority is assumed to be unreliable epistemological grounds. Social phenomenon should be evaluated on rational ground which is presumed to be reliable as well as objective. This method of study has been derived from a particular conception of human being. Social scientists believe that human beings are autonomous and self dependent beings. They assume that human beings are not created beings by some Super Natural Being such as Allah. This metaphysics is presumed in the rational method of the social sciences. Similarly this metaphysics determines the direction or the telos of the inquiries of social sciences. In these terms social sciences are value laden not value neutral. Islam is a revealed religion and its criterion to judge any phenomenon be that social, economic, ethical, political etc is Naql 2 that is Quran and Sunnah. Ijtihad is a secondary source of Islamic epistemology. It is not equal to nusus. Ijtihad necessarily follows the Quran and Sunnah. If a Mujtahid 3 carries out Ijtihad and other Mujtahideen 4 verify it on the basis of the Quran and Sunnah it becomes Ijma’a. Ijtihad is dependent on the Quran and Sunnah. It has never been seen in abstraction in the history of Islam. This epistemological ground is unquestionable in Islam and regarded as transcendental at any time and place. Hence Islamic paradigm is value specific. 2 Naql is the name of the Islamic episteme consists in Quran and Hadith. 3 Mujtahid is an Islamic Jurist who carries out Ijtihad. He must have command in Quran, Hadith, Arabic literature, And must be practicing Muslim. 4 Mujtahideen is plural of Mujtahid in Arabic. 313 PAKISTAN BUSINESS REVIEW JULY 2010
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