Draft Report of the Expert Group on International STI Cooperation to ...

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Figure 2 Relative Impacts <strong>of</strong> National Publication Relative to <strong>the</strong> World, 1986-2009 Source: Thomson Reuters Web <strong>of</strong> Science The rise in <strong>the</strong> scientific output <strong>of</strong> Asia and particularly China, correlates with substantial investments by <strong>the</strong>se countries in building up <strong>the</strong>ir scientific and technological capacities. South Korean R&D spending has increased steeply, and China’s R&D/GDP ratio has more than doubled in <strong>the</strong> last decade. Figure 3 Growth <strong>of</strong> Research and Development (GERD) in China, 1990-2009 Source: China Statistical Yearbook on Science and Technology (1992-2010), National Bureau <strong>of</strong> Statistics and Ministry <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology China has more than doubled its research workforce. It now has as about as many researchers in its workforce as <strong>the</strong> EU and US: about 1.4 million. US universities import much <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir scientific talent from abroad, particularly from Asia, and are <strong>the</strong>refore particularly worried about continuing to be able to fill <strong>the</strong>ir laboratories with imported brains. This concern, 78
however, is not so far justified by <strong>the</strong> data. On <strong>the</strong> contrary, <strong>the</strong> evidence shows that <strong>the</strong> international mobility <strong>of</strong> scientific talent is increasing. China’s share <strong>of</strong> PhD degrees awarded by US institutions to foreigners continues to grow, being almost one third <strong>of</strong> all 'foreign' PhDs in <strong>the</strong> US in 2007. The imperfect evidence available for Europe shows that <strong>the</strong> PhD student populations <strong>of</strong> EU countries have fewer foreigners compared to <strong>the</strong> US, and <strong>the</strong> origins <strong>of</strong> foreign PhD students are different, with a less strong Asian presence and geographic, cultural and political links being more important. Does <strong>the</strong> increasing rise <strong>of</strong> non-traditional science countries manifest itself in changing patterns <strong>of</strong> international scientific collaboration? A first important observation is an overall increase in international scientific collaborations. Never<strong>the</strong>less, <strong>the</strong>re is a marked inertia in <strong>the</strong> choices <strong>of</strong> partners. International co-operation networks are sticky and only gradually change. They are heavily correlated with human capital flows, geographic proximity and sensitive to policy-support. Intra-EU collaboration has substantially increased over time, suggesting progress has been made in building <strong>the</strong> integrated European Research Area (ERA). But this has happened at <strong>the</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> diversion from extra-EU collaboration. The emerging scientific powerhouses, particularly China, are still relatively under-represented as partners for <strong>the</strong> West. China’s collaboration is mostly with o<strong>the</strong>r Asian economies. Its collaboration with <strong>the</strong> US has increased over time on par with <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> its own scientific power. The EU’s collaboration with China remains at a far lower level than it could be, considering <strong>the</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> China’s scientific power. Impact from Internationalisation <strong>of</strong> Science In <strong>the</strong> open US science model, foreign born are a critical source <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> US S&E workforce. Not only do <strong>the</strong>y contribute disproportionately to U.S. top science, <strong>the</strong>re is also evidence that foreigners are increasingly responsible for US patents and US technology and engineering start-ups. They are also important sources to establish international networks for recruitment, collaboration, and ideas development. Foreign talent is thus vital for US science and innovation capacity. This is why <strong>the</strong> US fears <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> its S&T machine will diminish if <strong>the</strong> pool <strong>of</strong> mobile foreign talent entering <strong>the</strong> US dries up. There is no clear evidence so far to justify this fear. For <strong>the</strong> moment, <strong>the</strong> rise <strong>of</strong> Asia’s own capacity to produce S&E degrees does not seem to disconnect <strong>the</strong> US from <strong>the</strong> pool <strong>of</strong> potential Asian candidates to recruit from, on <strong>the</strong> contrary. A virtuous circle thus seems to emerge: <strong>the</strong> US's top position in science is based on its openness to <strong>the</strong> best foreign talents, who stay long enough to make a contribution to quality science, and this top position keeps on attracting <strong>the</strong> best foreign talent. The increasing globalization <strong>of</strong> science allows <strong>the</strong> US open model to benefit from a larger and better developed global pool to recruit from and interact with. The EU science has not managed to establish such a virtuous open model. But <strong>the</strong> impact extends beyond science into <strong>the</strong> R&D and innovation patterns <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> corporate sector. The 79
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International Cooperation in Scienc
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EUROPEAN COMMISSION International C
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Table of contents
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Composition of <st
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List of abbreviati
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Executive summary Changes in <stron
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Research and innovation infrastruct
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allow strategic partnerships with a
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5. Variable geometry should be expl
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ERA was discussed as part o
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• Enable EU and MS to tackle glob
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innovation policy needs to anticipa
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• Developing economies with stron
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• The general opening principle a
Page 29 and 30: third countries, while the<
Page 31 and 32: and Member States of</stron
Page 33 and 34: intrinsic objectives of</st
Page 35 and 36: Fig. 2: Measures and instruments fo
Page 37 and 38: and lead to a significantly more at
Page 39 and 40: Fig. 4 Long and medium term priorit
Page 41 and 42: in nature, and in general occur bet
Page 43 and 44: egulations and values that make up
Page 45 and 46: Towards a strategic approach A stra
Page 47 and 48: Exploit variable geometry Objective
Page 49 and 50: third countries, typically with <st
Page 51 and 52: c) with a strong jointly accessible
Page 53 and 54: e) funded by the E
Page 55 and 56: The need for an evidence- and analy
Page 57 and 58: 1) Understanding the</stron
Page 59 and 60: Scientific collaboration: (priority
Page 61 and 62: • International acquisition <stro
Page 63 and 64: • a collaboration of</str
Page 65 and 66: • Information on national priorit
Page 67 and 68: Conclusions and key policy recommen
Page 69 and 70: educational level of</stron
Page 71 and 72: Kaiser L., Ganea P., Gibson J., and
Page 73 and 74: Annex 1: Mandate of</strong
Page 75 and 76: Consideration should include: - def
Page 77 and 78: Annex 2: Dimensions of</str
Page 79: Annex 3: Trends, Drivers and Impact
Page 83 and 84: companies from different countries
Page 85 and 86: competitors are located in
Page 87 and 88: This engineering pattern is, howeve
Page 89 and 90: Researcher mobility schemes operati
Page 91: SME are usually constricted due to
Page 95 and 96: How to obtain EU publications Free
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