Pedestrian safety - Global Road Safety Partnership

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Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners 1.2.3 Who are killed and injured as pedestrians? Pedestrians form a mixed group of people with respect to age, gender and socioeconomic status. Characteristics of killed or injured pedestrians vary widely across countries and sub-national areas, underscoring the necessity of local data collection and analysis to develop a thorough understanding of the problem at the local level (see Module 3). Age Pedestrian crashes affect people from different age groups, though some age groups may be represented more than others in certain settings. For example: • About 57% of pedestrians killed in road traffic crashes in four South African cities were found to be aged from 20 to 44 years (24). • In the United States in 2009, the fatality rate for pedestrians older than 75 years was 2.28 per 100 000, higher than the fatality rate of any other age group (25). • In Hyderabad, India, 61% of pedestrians involved in road traffic crashes were between 21 and 40 years (26). • In New South Wales, Australia, in 2010, 20% of pedestrians killed were less than 21 years old, and 29% were aged between 21 and 40 years (27). • A study of road traffic injuries among children and adolescents in urban Africa found that 68% of the cases were pedestrians (28). • A survey conducted in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, found that 45% of those injured as pedestrians were adults (29). 1: Why is addressing pedestrian safety necessary? Sex Male pedestrians, both children and adults, have been found to be over-represented in pedestrian collisions. For example, a study conducted in the United States found that males accounted for 70% of pedestrian deaths, with a fatality rate of 2.19 deaths per 100 000 population, compared to a female fatality rate of 0.91 per 100 000 (30). A study conducted in Mexico found the pedestrian mortality rate to be higher among males (10.6 per 100 000 population) than females (4 per 100 000) (31). A study of alcohol-impaired pedestrian patients in a South African hospital showed a male: female ratio of 2.3:1 (32). Socioeconomic status Socioeconomic status is a significant determinant of pedestrian injury. In general, people from poorer communities tend to be at a higher risk of pedestrian injuries. For example: • The risk of pedestrian injury for children in the lowest socioeconomic stratum was more than twice that of children of higher socioeconomic status categories in the United Kingdom (33). • Pedestrian crashes were four times more frequent in poor neighbourhoods of Orange County in California, United States (34). 13
Why is addressing pedestrian safety necessary? • Children from the highest household income quartile were significantly less likely to sustain pedestrian road traffic injuries in Hyderabad, India (35). • Low income and poverty were associated with the largest numbers of child pedestrian crashes in the city of Memphis, United States (36). 1.2.4 Where do pedestrian collisions occur? Overall, there is wide variation in locations of pedestrian collisions from one country to another. While pedestrian collisions occur more in urban areas than rural settings in high-income countries, the opposite is true in some low- and middle-income countries. For example, about 70% of all pedestrian fatalities in the European Union and 76% in the United States occur in urban areas (25,37). In the United Kingdom, young pedestrians from urban areas were involved in crashes five times more frequently than those in rural areas, and their death rate was twice as high (38). This is in contrast to a Chinese study, which found that pedestrians who commute in rural areas were more likely to suffer injuries than pedestrians who commuted in urban areas (39). A study of university students in Cairo, Egypt, found that participants who resided in rural areas were significantly more likely to suffer pedestrian injuries than those who resided in urban areas (40). Most pedestrian collisions occur when pedestrians are crossing the road (41). For example, a study in Ghana found that 68% of the pedestrians killed were knocked down by a vehicle when they were in the middle of the roadway (42). Information provided by 73 pedestrians in a study in Kenya showed that 53 (72.6%) were injured when crossing the road, 8 (11%) when standing by the road, 6 (8.2%) while © Hans-joachim Vollpracht 14
Page 1 and 2: Pedestrian safety A ROAD SAFETY MAN
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents 2.1.1 Traffic mix
Page 7 and 8: vi Preface
Page 9 and 10: Preface Contributors and acknowledg
Page 11 and 12: x Executive summary
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Pedestrian safety: a road safety ma
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The city of The Hague is located in
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4.2.2 Reducing vehicle speeds Pedes
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Table 4.2 Pedestrian safety: a road
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BOX 4.10: Pedestrians with disabili
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5 Evaluating pedestrian safety prog
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• 79% of the crashes that killed
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BOX 5.4: ‘Living End Roads’ The
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AAppendices
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World Health Organization 20 Avenue
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