Pedestrian safety - Global Road Safety Partnership

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Pedestrian safety: a road safety manual for decision-makers and practitioners • failure of drivers to respect right-of-way for pedestrians, including failure to yield at pedestrian crossings; • vehicle condition and defects (e.g. brakes, lighting, windscreen); and • quiet (electric) vehicles, whose presence cannot be detected by normal auditory means. BOX 1.3: Talking and walking: an emerging problem The use of mobile phones and other smartphones is growing exponentially worldwide. An estimated 77% of the world’s population owns a mobile phone (66). While the risk of talking and texting while driving a vehicle is now well documented (67) much less is known about walking and distraction. Since 2005, a number of studies, conducted primarily in the United States and among young adults, have been published that suggest pedestrians who are distracted by phone conversations, or other distracting activities such as listening to music or texting, take greater risks when crossing roads (66,68–72). These results can probably be generalized to pedestrians in other high-income countries. The contribution of distracted walking will most likely be higher in countries where there is a greater mix of traffic, less controlled crossings or where awareness of the risks is low because these pedestrians are at greater risk in the first place. A concerted, combined approach needs to be used in all countries. Hard-hitting social marketing campaigns are needed to educate pedestrians, while policy-makers and engineers need to consider alternative ways to protect those ‘talking and walking’, including modifying the environment. © Margie Peden 1: Why is addressing pedestrian safety necessary? 1.5 Summary The information presented in this module can be summarized as follows: • Pedestrian fatalities comprise about one fifth of the annual global road traffic injury deaths. • Male pedestrians tend to be over-represented in pedestrian collisions. • The characteristics of pedestrians killed in collisions – and the proportion of pedestrian traffic fatalities out of all road traffic fatalities – vary widely between and within countries. Effective interventions require collection and analysis of local data. 21
Why is addressing pedestrian safety necessary? • The Safe System approach provides a viable, comprehensive framework to examine risk factors for pedestrians and to develop integrated interventions that address the road environment, road users and vehicles, and that maximize pedestrian safety. • The key risk factors for pedestrian road traffic injury are speed, alcohol, lack of infrastructure facilities for pedestrians and inadequate visibility of pedestrians. References 1. Basset Jr DR, et al. Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 2008, 5: 795–814. 2. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010. 3. Rabl A, de Nazelle A. Benefits of shift from car to active transport. Transport Policy, 2012, 19: 121–131. 4. Zegeer CV, Bushell M. Pedestrian crash trends and potential countermeasures from around the world. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 2012, 44:3–11. 5. Job RFS. Overcoming barriers to pedestrian safety. In: Proceedings of the Australasian College of Road Safety National Conference: A Safe Systems Approach: Expanding the Reach, Sydney, 9–10 August 2012. Canberra, Australasian College of Road Safety, 2012: 1–8 (http://acrs.org.au/events/acrs-past-conferences/2012-acrsconference/program/papers/, accessed 31 December 2012). 6. Economic Commission for Europe Intersecretariat Working Group on Transport Statistics. Glossary for transport statistics, 3rd ed. New York, United Nations, 2003. 7. Peden M et al., eds. World report on road traffic injury prevention. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004. 8. Jacobsen PL. Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling. Injury Prevention, 2003, 9: 205–209. 9. Elvik R, et al. The handbook of road safety measures, 2nd ed. Bingley, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2009. 10. Job RFS. The influence of subjective reactions to noise on health effects of the noise. Environment International, 1996, 22: 93–104. 11. Litman TA. Economic value of walkability. World Transport Policy & Practice, 2004, 10: 5–14. 12. Kumar S, Ross W. Effects of pedestrianisation on the commercial and retail areas: study in Khao San road, Bangkok. World Transport Policy & Practice, 2006, 13: 37–47. 13. Dokmeci V, Altunbas U, Yazgi B. Revitalisation of the main street of a distinguished old neighbourhood in Istanbul. European Planning Studies, 2007, 15: 153–166. 14. Stigson H, Krafft M, Tingvall C. Use of fatal real-life crashes to analyze a safe road transport system model, including the road user, the vehicle, and the road. Traffic Injury Prevention, 2008, 9: 463–471. 15. Road traffic injury prevention: training manual. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006. 16. Towards zero: ambitious road safety targets and the Safe System approach. Paris, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2008. 17. Belin M-A. Public road safety policy change and its implementation: Vision Zero a road safety policy innovation [unpublished thesis]. Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, 2012. 18. Mooren L, et al. Safe system – comparisons of this approach in Australia. In: A safe system – making it happen: proceedings of the Australasian College of Road Safety Conference, Melbourne, 1–2 September, 2011. Canberra: Australasian College of Road Safety (http://acrs.org.au/wp-content/uploads/Mooren-et-al-Safe-System- %E2%80%93-Comparisons-of-this-Approach-in-Australia.pdf, accessed 1 January 2013). 19. Global status report on road safety 2013: supporting a decade of action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2013. 20. Mohan D, et al. Road safety in India: challenges and opportunities. Ann Arbor, The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 2009 (Report No. UMTRI-2009–1). 21. Bartels D, et al. Incidence of road injuries in Mexico: country report. International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2010, 1–8. 22. Analysis of road safety trends 2011, management by objectives for road safety work, towards the 2020 interim targets. Roda vagen, The Swedish Transport Administration, 2012. 22
Page 1 and 2: Pedestrian safety A ROAD SAFETY MAN
Page 3 and 4: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 5 and 6: Table of contents 2.1.1 Traffic mix
Page 7 and 8: vi Preface
Page 9 and 10: Preface Contributors and acknowledg
Page 11 and 12: x Executive summary
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Pedestrian safety: a road safety ma
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4.2.2 Reducing vehicle speeds Pedes
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Table 4.2 Pedestrian safety: a road
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BOX 4.10: Pedestrians with disabili
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5 Evaluating pedestrian safety prog
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• 79% of the crashes that killed
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BOX 5.4: ‘Living End Roads’ The
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AAppendices
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World Health Organization 20 Avenue
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