Annual Report 2006 - Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃa

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PLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERÍA The most obvious application of dish/Stirling systems is the production of electricity for self-producers in remote areas or rural communities where there is no grid, for pumping water, etc. The optimum niche on the energy market would be a power range of a few tens of kilowatts, where it would compete with the already commercial photovoltaic systems or diesel generators. Since the beginning of activities in 1992, three generations of prototypes have been erected and routinely operated at the PSA for their technical evaluation, DISTAL I, DIS- TAL II and EUROdish. Figure 2.8 Schematic diagram of a parabolic dish with Stirling motor at the focus 2.4.2 DISTAL I The concentrator prototype made use of the stretched membrane technique, which maintains the parabolic shape with a small vacuum pump. It has 94% reflectivity and can concentrate the sunlight up to 12,000 times in its 12-cmdiameter focus. It has a focal distance of 4.5 meters and polar solar tracking. Two DISTAL I units were disassembled in the year 2000 and replaced by third generation EUROdish units. Figure 2.9 A DISTAL I dish in operation In operation since 1992, this installation initially consisted of 3 7.5-m-diameter parabolic dish units capable of collecting up to 40 kW t energy with a SOLO V160 9-kW e Stirling motor located in its focal zone. 2.4.3 DISTAL II The DISTAL II was a first attempt at a system with better features and per-kW e cost. Three new stretchedmembrane prototypes were erected and put into routine operation in 1996 and 1997. Their slightly larger 8.5-m-diameter delivers 50 kW t to the motor. The focal distance is 4.1 m and the maximum concentration is 16,000 suns at the focus. The Stirling motor, which had also evolved, is now a 10-kW e SOLO V161 and the tracking system is azimuthelevation, which allows automatic sunrise-to-sunset operation. Figure 2.10 DISTAL II unit 22
FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.4.4 EURODISH The second and latest attempt to make this technology economical is the Spanish-German EUROdish project. Two new prototypes were designed and erected to: • Reduce the price of components by using standard industrial elements. • Develop a new dish manufacturing system discarding the stretchedmembrane technology and applying a composite-material molding system. • Develop a new optimized system assembly procedure that uses new specially developed tools. • Remote control and monitoring over the WWW. • Improve the Stirling SOLO V161 motor, especially those components used in the receiver cavity. • Test pre-commercial units as reference systems. Figure 2.11 Front and back views of the EUROdishes. 2.5 Solar Furnace 2.5.1 General Description and Principles of Operation Solar furnaces reach concentrations of over 10,000 suns, the highest energy levels achievable in a solar concentrating system. Their main field of application is materials testing, either in ambient conditions, controlled atmosphere or vacuum, or solar chemistry experiments using chemical reactors associated with receivers. The solar furnace essentially consists of a continuously solar-tracking, flat heliostat, a parabolic concentrator mirror, an attenuator or shutter and the test zone located in the concentrator focus [Martínez and Rodríguez, 1998]. The flat collector mirror, or heliostat, reflects the parallel horizontal solar beams on the parabolic dish, which in turn reflects them on its focus (the test area). The amount of incident light is regulated by the attenuator located between the concentrator and the heliostat. Under the focus there is a test table movable in three directions (East-West, North-South, up and down) that places the test samples in the focus with great precision. 23
Page 1 and 2: Annual Report 2006
Page 3 and 4: TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
Page 5 and 6: MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR A message
Page 7 and 8: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1 General Pres
Page 9 and 10: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1.3 Human and
Page 11 and 12: GENERAL PRESENTATION Figure 1.5 Par
Page 13 and 14: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1.5 Training a
Page 15 and 16: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2 Faci
Page 17 and 18: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS nomina
Page 19 and 20: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.3 Li
Page 21: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS Figure
Page 25 and 26: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.5.5
Page 27 and 28: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS Figure
Page 29 and 30: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS Figure
Page 31 and 32: CONCENTRATING SOLAR SYSTEMS UNIT 3
Page 33 and 34: CONCENTRATING SOLAR SYSTEMS UNIT 3.
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Page 71 and 72: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR
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ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR
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EVENTS Figure 5.1 Logo designed for
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EVENTS The DLR (German Aerospace Ce
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EVENTS Up to now the fair has been
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ACRONYMS 6 List of Acronyms AMES AO
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ACRONYMS SolLab SSPS TCE TOC UAB UA
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Annual Report 2006 - Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃa