Annual Report 2006 - Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃa

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PLATAFORMA SOLAR DE ALMERÍA Solar gasification of coke without combustion can be represented in a simplified by the reaction: ⎛x ⎞ CHxOy + ( 1− y) H2O = ⎜ + 1− y H2 + CO 2 ⎟ ⎝ ⎠ (1) Gasification of 1 mol of C requires approximately 1 mol of C as the source of energy supply. That is why substitution of fossil energy by solar energy supply reduces CO 2 emissions by about 50%. Purpose: The main purpose of the SYPET project is to develop a specific solar gasification process for coke and waste from extra-heavy oil processing in the Faja del Orinoco. The development is specifically finding the thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of associated reactions, and selection of particle sizes and residence times, design of a solar reactor with a quartz window and its scale-up and testing in a 500 kW installation located at the top of the PSA CRS tower. Results achieved in 2006: After demonstrating the technical feasibility of the process in previous years, in 2006, testing concentrated on selecting the optimum coke particle size to be gasified and testing a method of injecting the material. Finally, it was decided to feed a slurry of coke particles and water. The practical advantages of using a slurry are asociated with eaier transport and injection of the solid reagent and with system scale-up. In 2006, experimental testing was done using a petcoke slurry feedstock. Figure 3.23 shows the effect of particle size and stoichiometry of the slurry on chemical conversion. A higher H 2 O/C in the slurry favors reaction kinetics, but at the cost of higher flow rates and lower residence times, resulting in lower conversion rates. The mean conversion achieved was 48% and the maximum was 87%, using particles with diameters of less than 80 μm. The results have served to complete the design and construct a 500-kW reactor, as well as for preheating system and heat rejection definition. The Synpet-500 facility will be erected and tested at the PSA in 2007. Publication: [3.23][3.24][3.25][3.26][3.27] Figure 3.23 Chemical conversion of petcoke and energy efficiency of the conversion in solar tests in order by particle size and stochiometry of the slurry. 58
CONCENTRATING SOLAR SYSTEMS UNIT Generation of hydrogen from high-temperature solar thermal energy (SolterH Project). PROFIT Project. Participants: Hynergreen and CIEMAT. Contact: Cristina Rodríguez; cristina.rodriguez@hynergreen.abengoa.com PSA Contact: Alfonso Vidal, Alfonso.vidal@ciemat.es Financiación: Cooperative Project funded by the MEC PROFIT program. Total budget: 987k€. CIEMAT budget not including personnel: 286k€ Duración: January 1, 2004 – December 31, 2008 Motivación: Thermochemical cycles are the processes we believe will be a great mid-term solution for mass clean hydrogen production from solar energy. Electrolysis is the hydrogen production benchmark for water-splitting. With 35% performance in the electric conversion and 70% in the electrolyzer, we would be talking about efficiencies of around 25%. With advanced technologies, this value could hardly surpass 32%. Although the use of nuclear energy is limited in thermochemical processes to around 900ºC, this is not true of solar energy. Solar concentrating technologies make flux of over 5 MW/m 2 and temperatures over 200 K possible at a reasonable cost. This enables other more efficient two-stage thermochemical cycles with metal/oxide redox reactions to be approached. The smaller number of stages is fundamental for solarization of the process and its adaptation to the fluctuation inherent in the solar resource. y Stage 1 (solar): M xOy → xM + O2 2 Stage 2 (non-solar): xM + yH 2O → M xOy + yH 2 . The use of mixed oxides (based on iron) makes it possible to lower the temperature considerably, since the hydrogen generating stage is based on artificial creation of gaps in the oxide structure, increasing the avidity for this material. Therefore, the Solter-H Project concentrates on developing technologies based on the use of mixed ferrites as the optimum candidates for thermochemical hydrogen production. Figure 3.24 Schematic diagram of the ferrite cycle for H 2 production selected in the SOLTER project. 59
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Annual Report 2006
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents
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MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR A message
Page 7 and 8: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1 General Pres
Page 9 and 10: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1.3 Human and
Page 11 and 12: GENERAL PRESENTATION Figure 1.5 Par
Page 13 and 14: GENERAL PRESENTATION 1.5 Training a
Page 15 and 16: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2 Faci
Page 17 and 18: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS nomina
Page 19 and 20: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.3 Li
Page 21 and 22: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS Figure
Page 23 and 24: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.4.4
Page 25 and 26: FACILITIES AND INSTALLATIONS 2.5.5
Page 31 and 32: CONCENTRATING SOLAR SYSTEMS UNIT 3
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Page 71 and 72: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR
Page 105 and 106: EVENTS Figure 5.1 Logo designed for
Page 107 and 108: EVENTS The DLR (German Aerospace Ce
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EVENTS Up to now the fair has been
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ACRONYMS 6 List of Acronyms AMES AO
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ACRONYMS SolLab SSPS TCE TOC UAB UA
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Annual Report 2006 - Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃ­a

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Annual Report 2006 - Plataforma Solar de AlmerÃa