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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 B.3 Inner Workings of a Computer: the Different Layers Involved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441 B.3.1 The Deepest Layer: the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 B.3.2 The Starter: the BIOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 B.3.3 The Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 B.3.4 The User Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 B.4 Some Tasks Handled by the Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 B.4.1 Driving the Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 B.4.2 Filesystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 B.4.3 Shared Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 B.4.4 Managing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 B.4.5 Rights Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 B.5 The User Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 B.5.1 Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 B.5.2 Daemons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 B.5.3 Inter-Process Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 B.5.4 Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Index 451 XIV The Debian Administrator's Handbook
Preface Many professionals are increasingly embracing Debian GNU/Linux, whose goal to create a rich and flexible distribution that does not require too much maintenance fits their expectations. They generally appreciate its robustness and reliability, its automation of secondary tasks, as well as the coherence brought by the strict application of specifications and therefore the durability of achievements and skills. At the same time, many influential actors in the computing industry have now come to understand the strategic interest of using an elaborate distribution that is not managed by a commercial entity. Some of their customers also understand — following the same logic — that a software platform that does not depend on agreements between suppliers reduces the constraints they will have after the purchase. Finally, many beginners discover Debian through the Knoppix and Ubuntu projects, while others “look under the hood” because they want to avoid empiricism. Debian — which used to be low-profile — was first adopted by passionate users, who were often attracted by the spirit it embodies. They found a project with clear goals and visible achievements, whose developers focus on creating a good design before building — thereby rejecting the deadlines that often compromise the quality of so many other software projects. Debian is led by its very actors. In other words, Debian users join a project that fully benefits from the advantages of free software… so as to produce free software themselves. The Debian Administrator's Handbook will guide you on your way to autonomy. It could only be written by authors who master both the technical aspects and the inner workings of the Debian project, and who know the needs of seasoned professionals as well as enthusiasts. Raphaël Hertzog and Roland Mas had the required qualities and managed to create and update this book. I thank them very much for their work and have no doubt that reading this book will be both helpful and pleasant. Nat Makarevitch (PGP/GPG fingerprint: 2010 4A02 9C0E 7D1F 5631 ADF0 453C 4549 0230 D602)
Page 2 and 3: The Debian Administrator's Handbook
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
Page 6 and 7: 6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
Page 8 and 9: 9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
Page 10 and 11: 11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
Page 12 and 13: 14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
Page 17 and 18: Foreword Linux has been garnering s
Page 19 and 20: Book Structure Following the struct
Page 21 and 22: While we were obviously satisfied w
Page 23 and 24: Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
Page 26 and 27: Keywords Objective Means Operation
Page 28 and 29: 1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
Page 30 and 31: TOOL Installer debian-installer is
Page 32 and 33: COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
Page 34 and 35: ➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
Page 36 and 37: 1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
Page 38 and 39: with the changelog.gz file (or equi
Page 40 and 41: were only lile challenges at the be
Page 42 and 43: can always fine-tune these paramete
Page 44 and 45: PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
Page 46 and 47: Each specific service has its own s
Page 48 and 49: tool. Whether used in graphical or
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
Page 52 and 53: their work. The next step is the in
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Page 56 and 57: Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
Page 58 and 59: We have envisioned this case study
Page 60 and 61: Several factors have dictated this
Page 62: • A survey of several French serv
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Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
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Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
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HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
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Keywords Installation Partitioning
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BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
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copy the previously downloaded ISO
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of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
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ut the other elements should also b
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• INPUT: concerns packets whose d
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Other actions, particularly those c
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Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
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• those that qualify a message as
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14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
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Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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The aptitude install selinux-basics
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# semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
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# myapp executable will have: # lab
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GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
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Message avc:denied { read write } p
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➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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features imply a increased risk of
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confronted with these unfortunate c
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sure of actually fixing it; otherwi
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(...) ** 2004-11-29-19:50:49: DCC S
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Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
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editor shows us that dch really did
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15.2. Building your First Package 1
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particular case, library, is useful
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The interpretation of such a rule i
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ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
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a huge problem as soon as the error
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EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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not yet gone through the new mainta
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Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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