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COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debian developer? The term “upstream author” means the author(s)/developer(s) of a work, those who write and develop it. On the other hand, a “Debian developer” uses an existing work to make it into a Debian package (the term “Debian maintainer” is beer suited). Frequently, the line of demarcation is not clear. The Debian maintainer may write a patch, which benefits all users of the work. In general, Debian encourages those in charge of a package in Debian to get involved in “upstream” development as well (they become, then, contributors, without being confined to the simple role of users of a program). 3. We will not hide problems. Debian is not perfect, and, we will find new problems to fix every day. We will keep our entire bug report database open for public view at all times. Reports that people file online will promptly become visible to others. 4. Our priorities are our users and free software. This commitment is more difficult to define. Debian imposes, thus, a bias when a decision must be made, and will discard an easy solution for the developers that will jeopardize the user experience, opting for a more elegant solution, even if it is more difficult to implement. This means to take into account, as a priority, the interests of the users and free software. 5. Works that do not meet our free software standards. Debian accepts and understands that users often want to use some non-free programs. That's why the project allows usage of parts of its infrastructure to distribute Debian packages of non-free software that can safely be redistributed. COMMUNITY For or against the non-free section? The commitment to maintain a structure to accommodate non-free soware (i.e. the “non-free” section, see the sidebar “The main, contrib and non-free archives” (page 103)) is frequently a subject of debate within the Debian community. Detractors argue that it turns people away from free soware equivalents, and contradicts the principle of serving only the free soware cause. Supporters flatly state that most of the non-free packages are “nearly free”, and held back by only one or two annoying restrictions (the most common being the prohibition against commercial usage of the soware). By distributing these works in the non-free branch, we indirectly explain to the author that their creation would be beer known and more widely used if they could be included in the main section. They are, thus, politely invited to alter their license to serve this purpose. Aer a first, unfruitful aempt in 2004, the complete removal of the non-free section should not return to the agenda for several years, especially since it contains many useful documents that were moved simply because they did not meet the new requirements for the main section. This is especially the case for certain soware documentation files issued by the GNU project (in particular, Emacs and Make). 6 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
The existence of the non-free section particularly annoys the Free Soware Foundation, causing it, thus, to refuse to officially recommend Debian as an operating system. 1.2.2. The Debian Free Soware Guidelines This reference document defines which software is “free enough” to be included in Debian. If a program's license is in accord with these principles, it can be included in the main section; on the contrary, and provided that free distribution is permitted, it may be found in the non-free section. The non-free section is not officially part of Debian; it is an added service provided to users. More than a selection criteria for Debian, this text has become an authority on the subject of free software, and has served as the basis for the “Open Source definition”. It is, thus, historically one of the first formalizations of the concept of “free software”. The GNU General Public License, the BSD License, and the Artistic License are examples of traditional free licenses that follow the 9 points mentioned in this text. Below you will find the text as it is published on the Debian website. ➨ http://www.debian.org/social_contract#guidelines 1. Free redistribution. The license of a Debian component may not restrict any party from selling or giving away the software as a component of an aggregate software distribution containing programs from several different sources. The license may not require a royalty or other fee for such sale. BACK TO BASICS Free licenses The GNU GPL, the BSD license, and the Artistic License all comply with the Debian Free Soware Guidelines, even though they are very different. The GNU GPL, used and promoted by the FSF (Free Soware Foundation), is the most common. Its main feature is that it also applies to any derived work that is redistributed: a program incorporating or using GPL code can only be distributed according to its terms. It prohibits, thus, any reuse in a proprietary application. This poses serious problems for the reuse of GPL code in free soware incompatible with this license. As such, it is sometimes impossible to link a program published under another free soware license with a library distributed under the GPL. On the other hand, this license is very solid in American law: FSF lawyers have participated in the draing thereof, and have oen forced violators to reach an amicable agreement with the FSF without going to court. ➨ http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html The BSD license is the least restrictive: everything is permied, including use of modified BSD code in a proprietary application. Microso even uses it, basing the TCP/IP layer of Windows NT on that of the BSD kernel. Chapter 1 — The Debian Project 7
Page 2 and 3: The Debian Administrator's Handbook
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
Page 6 and 7: 6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
Page 8 and 9: 9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
Page 10 and 11: 11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
Page 12 and 13: 14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
Page 14 and 15: B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
Page 17 and 18: Foreword Linux has been garnering s
Page 19 and 20: Book Structure Following the struct
Page 21 and 22: While we were obviously satisfied w
Page 23 and 24: Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
Page 26 and 27: Keywords Objective Means Operation
Page 28 and 29: 1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
Page 30 and 31: TOOL Installer debian-installer is
Page 34 and 35: ➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
Page 36 and 37: 1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
Page 38 and 39: with the changelog.gz file (or equi
Page 40 and 41: were only lile challenges at the be
Page 42 and 43: can always fine-tune these paramete
Page 44 and 45: PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
Page 46 and 47: Each specific service has its own s
Page 48 and 49: tool. Whether used in graphical or
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
Page 52 and 53: their work. The next step is the in
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Page 56 and 57: Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
Page 58 and 59: We have envisioned this case study
Page 60 and 61: Several factors have dictated this
Page 62: • A survey of several French serv
Page 65 and 66: Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
Page 71 and 72: HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
Page 74 and 75: Keywords Installation Partitioning
Page 76 and 77: BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
Page 78 and 79: copy the previously downloaded ISO
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
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ut the other elements should also b
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• INPUT: concerns packets whose d
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Other actions, particularly those c
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Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
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• those that qualify a message as
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14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
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Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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The aptitude install selinux-basics
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# semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
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# myapp executable will have: # lab
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GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
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Message avc:denied { read write } p
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➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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features imply a increased risk of
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confronted with these unfortunate c
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sure of actually fixing it; otherwi
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(...) ** 2004-11-29-19:50:49: DCC S
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Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
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editor shows us that dch really did
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15.2. Building your First Package 1
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particular case, library, is useful
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The interpretation of such a rule i
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ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
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a huge problem as soon as the error
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EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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not yet gone through the new mainta
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Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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