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means that signatures need not be verified). However, if the contents of packages are sensitive, we can reverse the seing and elect to authenticate with a keyring containing the public keys of persons allowed to create packages (configured with the extra_keyrings parameter); mini-dinstall will then check the origin of each incoming package by analyzing the signature integrated to the *.changes file. Invoking mini-dinstall actually starts a daemon in the background. As long as this daemon runs, it will check for new packages in the incoming/ directory every half-hour; when a new package arrives, it will be moved to the archive and the appropriate Packages.gz and Sources. gz files will be regenerated. If running a daemon is a problem, mini-dinstall can also be manually invoked in batch mode (with the -b option) every time a package is uploaded into the incoming/ directory. Other possibilities provided by mini-dinstall are documented in its mini-dinstall(1) manual page. EXTRA Generating a signed archive The APT suite checks a chain of cryptographic signatures on the packages it handles before installing them (and has done so since Etch), in order to ensure their authenticity (see Section 6.5, “Checking Package Authenticity” (page 119)). Private APT archives can then be a problem, since the machines using them will keep displaying warnings about unsigned packages. A diligent administrator will therefore integrate private archives with the secure APT mechanism. To help with this process, mini-dinstall includes a release_signscript configuration option that allows specifying a script to use for generating the signature. A good starting point is the sign-release.sh script provided by the mini-dinstall package in /usr/share/doc/mini-dinstall/examples/; local changes may be relevant. 15.4. Becoming a Package Maintainer 15.4.1. Learning to Make Packages Creating a quality Debian package is not always a simple task, and becoming a package maintainer takes some learning, both with theory and practice. It's not a simple matter of building and installing software; rather, the bulk of the complexity comes from understanding the problems and conflicts, and more generally the interactions, with the myriad of other packages available. 15.4.1.1. Rules A Debian package must comply with the precise rules compiled in the Debian policy, and each package maintainer must know them. There is no requirement to know them by heart, but rather to know they exist and to refer to them whenever a choice presents a non-trivial alternative. Every Debian maintainer has made mistakes by not knowing about a rule, but this is not 422 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
a huge problem as soon as the error is fixed when a user reports it as a bug report, which tends to happen fairly soon thanks to advanced users. ➨ http://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ 15.4.1.2. Procedures Debian is not a simple collection of individual packages. Everyone's packaging work is part of a collective project; being a Debian developer involves knowing how the Debian project operates as a whole. Every developer will, sooner or later, interact with others. The Debian Developer's Reference (in the developers-reference package) summarizes what every developer must know in order to interact as smoothly as possible with the various teams within the project, and to take the best possible advantages of the available resources. This document also enumerates a number of duties a developer is expected to fulfill. ➨ http://www.debian.org/doc/developers-reference/ 15.4.1.3. Tools Many tools help package maintainers in their work. This section describes them quickly, but does not give the full details, since they all have comprehensive documentation on their own. The lintian Program This tool is one of the most important: it's the Debian package checker. It is based on a large array of tests created from the Debian policy, and detects quickly and automatically a great many errors that can be fixed before packages are released. This tool is only a helper, and it sometimes gets it wrong (for instance, since the Debian policy changes over time, lintian is sometimes outdated). It is also not exhaustive: not getting any Lintian error should not be interpreted as a proof that the package is perfect; at most, it avoids the most common errors. devscripts The devscripts package contains many programs helping with a wide array of a Debian developer's job: • debuild allows generating a package (with dpkg-buildpackage) and running lintian to check its compliance with the Debian policy afterwards. • debclean cleans a source package after a binary package has been generated. • dch allows quick and easy editing of a debian/changelog file in a source package. • uscan checks whether a new version of a software has been released by the upstream author; this requires a debian/watch file with a description of the location of such releases. • debi allows installing (with dpkg -i) the Debian package that was just generated, and avoid typing its full name and path. Chapter 15 — Creating a Debian Package 423
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The Debian Administrator's Handbook
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3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
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6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
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9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
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11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
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14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
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Foreword Linux has been garnering s
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Book Structure Following the struct
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While we were obviously satisfied w
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Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
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Keywords Objective Means Operation
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1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
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TOOL Installer debian-installer is
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COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
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➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
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1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
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with the changelog.gz file (or equi
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were only lile challenges at the be
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can always fine-tune these paramete
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PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
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Each specific service has its own s
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tool. Whether used in graphical or
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Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
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their work. The next step is the in
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28 The Debian Administrator's Handb
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Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
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We have envisioned this case study
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Several factors have dictated this
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• A survey of several French serv
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Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
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Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
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HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
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Keywords Installation Partitioning
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BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
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copy the previously downloaded ISO
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of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Page 401 and 402: ut the other elements should also b
Page 403 and 404: • INPUT: concerns packets whose d
Page 405 and 406: Other actions, particularly those c
Page 407 and 408: Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
Page 409 and 410: • those that qualify a message as
Page 411 and 412: 14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
Page 413 and 414: The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
Page 415 and 416: Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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Page 419 and 420: # semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
Page 421 and 422: # myapp executable will have: # lab
Page 423 and 424: GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
Page 425 and 426: Message avc:denied { read write } p
Page 427 and 428: ➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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Page 437 and 438: Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
Page 439 and 440: editor shows us that dch really did
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Page 443 and 444: particular case, library, is useful
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Page 447: ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
Page 451 and 452: EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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Page 457: 16.3. Future of this Book We would
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Page 462 and 463: A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
Page 464 and 465: $ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
Page 466 and 467: tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
Page 468 and 469: B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
Page 470 and 471: B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
Page 472 and 473: B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
Page 474 and 475: comes back when the execution of th
Page 476 and 477: • the standard C library (glibc),
Page 478 and 479: alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
Page 480 and 481: Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
Page 482 and 483: edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
Page 484 and 485: in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
Page 486 and 487: lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
Page 488 and 489: hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
Page 490 and 491: ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
Page 492 and 493: suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
Page 494: Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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