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Each specific service has its own system administration team, generally composed of volunteers who have installed it (and also frequently programmed the corresponding tools themselves). This is the case of the bug tracking system (BTS), the package tracking system (PTS), alioth. debian.org (FusionForge server, see sidebar), the services available on qa.debian.org, lintian. debian.org, buildd.debian.org, cdimage.debian.org, etc. 1.3.3.3. Development Teams, Transversal Teams Unlike administrative teams, the development teams are rather widely open, even to outside contributors. Even if Debian does not have a vocation to create software, the project needs some specific programs to meet its goals. Of course, developed under a free software license, these tools make use of methods proven elsewhere in the free software world. CULTURE CVS CVS (Concurrent Versions System) is a tool for collaborative work on multiple files, while maintaining a history of modifications. The files in question are generally text files, such as a program's source code. If several people work together on the same file, cvs can only merge the alterations made if they were made to different portions of the file. Otherwise, these “conflicts” must be resolved by hand. This system manages modifications, line by line, by storing diff patches from one version to another. CVS uses a central archive (called a CVS repository) to store files and the history of their modifications (each revision is recorded in the form of a diff patch file, intended to be used on the prior version). Everyone checks out a particular version (working copy) to work on. The tool allows one to view the modifications made to the working copy (cvs diff), to record them in the central repository by creating a new entry in the versions history (cvs commit), to update the working copy to include modifications made in parallel by other uses (cvs update), and to record a particular configuration in the history in order to be able to easily extract it later on (cvs tag). CVS experts will know how to handle multiple concurrent versions of a project in development without them interfering with each other. These versions are called branches. This metaphor of a tree is fairly accurate, since a program is initially developed on a common trunk. When a milestone has been reached (such as version 1.0), development continues on two branches: the development branch prepares the next major release, and the maintenance branch manages updates and fixes for version 1.0. cvs, however, does have some limitations. It is unable to manage symbolic links, changes in file or directory names, the deletion of directories, etc. It has contributed to the appearance of more modern, and free alternatives which have filled in most of these gaps. These include, especially, subversion (svn), git, bazaar (bzr), and mercurial (hg). ➨ http://subversion.tigris.org/ ➨ http://git-scm.com/ ➨ http://bazaar-vcs.org/ ➨ http://mercurial.selenic.com/ Debian has developed little software of its own, but certain programs have assumed a starring 20 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
ole, and their fame has spread beyond the scope of the project. Good examples are dpkg, the Debian package management program (it is, in fact, an abbreviation of Debian PacKaGe), and apt, a tool to automatically install any Debian package, and its dependencies, guaranteeing the cohesion of the system after upgrade (its name is an acronym for Advanced Package Tool). Their teams are, however, much smaller, since a rather high level of programming skill is required for overall understanding of the operations of these types of programs. The most important team is probably that for the Debian installation program, debian-insta ller, which has accomplished a work of momentous proportions since its conception in 2001. Numerous contributors were needed, since it is difficult to write a single program able to install Debian on a dozen different architectures. Each one has its own mechanism for booting and its own bootloader. All of this work is coordinated on the debian-boot@lists.debian.org mailing list, under the direction of Otavio Salvador and Joey Hess. ➨ http://www.debian.org/devel/debian-installer/ ➨ http://kitenet.net/~joey/blog/entry/d-i_retrospective/ The debian-cd program team, very small, has an even more modest objective. Many “small” contributors are responsible for their architecture, since the main developer can not know all the subtleties, nor the exact way to start the installer from the CD-ROM. Many teams must collaborate with others in the activity of packaging: debian-qa@lists.debian. org tries, for example, to ensure quality at all levels of the Debian project. The debian-policy@ lists.debian.org list develops Debian Policy according to proposals from all over the place. The teams in charge of each architecture (debian-architecture@lists.debian.org) compile all packages, adapting them to their particular architecture, if needed. Other teams manage the most important packages in order to ensure maintenance without placing too heavy a load on a single pair of shoulders; this is the case with the C library and debianglibc@lists.debian.org, the C compiler on the debian-gcc@lists.debian.org list, or Xorg on the debian-x@lists.debian.org (this group is also known as the X Strike Force, coordinated by Cyril Brulebois). 1.4. The Role of Distributions A GNU/Linux distribution has two main objectives: install a free operating system on a computer (either with or without an existing system or systems), and provide a range of software covering all of the users' needs. 1.4.1. The Installer: debian-installer The debian-installer, designed to be extremely modular in order to be as generic as possible, answers the first. It covers a broad range of installation situations and in general, greatly facilitates the creation of a derivative installer to correspond to a particular case. This modularity, which makes it also very complex, may annoy the developers discovering this Chapter 1 — The Debian Project 21
Page 2 and 3: The Debian Administrator's Handbook
Page 4 and 5: 3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
Page 6 and 7: 6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
Page 8 and 9: 9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
Page 10 and 11: 11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
Page 12 and 13: 14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
Page 14 and 15: B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
Page 17 and 18: Foreword Linux has been garnering s
Page 19 and 20: Book Structure Following the struct
Page 21 and 22: While we were obviously satisfied w
Page 23 and 24: Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
Page 26 and 27: Keywords Objective Means Operation
Page 28 and 29: 1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
Page 30 and 31: TOOL Installer debian-installer is
Page 32 and 33: COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
Page 34 and 35: ➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
Page 36 and 37: 1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
Page 38 and 39: with the changelog.gz file (or equi
Page 40 and 41: were only lile challenges at the be
Page 42 and 43: can always fine-tune these paramete
Page 44 and 45: PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
Page 48 and 49: tool. Whether used in graphical or
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
Page 52 and 53: their work. The next step is the in
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Page 56 and 57: Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
Page 58 and 59: We have envisioned this case study
Page 60 and 61: Several factors have dictated this
Page 62: • A survey of several French serv
Page 65 and 66: Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
Page 69 and 70: Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
Page 71 and 72: HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
Page 74 and 75: Keywords Installation Partitioning
Page 76 and 77: BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
Page 78 and 79: copy the previously downloaded ISO
Page 80 and 81: of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
Page 84 and 85: 4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
Page 86 and 87: (swap) will be stored. This task is
Page 88 and 89: Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
Page 90 and 91: IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
Page 92 and 93: “Create a volume group”, to whi
Page 94 and 95: Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
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ut the other elements should also b
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• INPUT: concerns packets whose d
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Other actions, particularly those c
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Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
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• those that qualify a message as
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14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
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Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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The aptitude install selinux-basics
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# semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
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# myapp executable will have: # lab
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GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
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Message avc:denied { read write } p
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➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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features imply a increased risk of
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confronted with these unfortunate c
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sure of actually fixing it; otherwi
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(...) ** 2004-11-29-19:50:49: DCC S
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Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
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editor shows us that dch really did
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15.2. Building your First Package 1
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particular case, library, is useful
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The interpretation of such a rule i
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ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
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a huge problem as soon as the error
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EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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not yet gone through the new mainta
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Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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