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• In a similar fashion, debc allows scanning the contents of the recently-generated package (with dpkg -c), without needing to type its full name and path. • bts controls the bug tracking system from the command line; this program automatically generates the appropriate emails. • debrelease uploads a recently-generated package to a remote server, without needing to type the full name and path of the related .changes file. • debsign signs the *.dsc and *.changes files. • uupdate automates the creation of a new revision of a package when a new upstream version has been released. debhelper and dh-make Debhelper is a set of scripts easing the creation of policy-compliant packages; these scripts are invoked from debian/rules. Debhelper has been widely adopted within Debian, as evidenced by the fact that it is used by the majority of official Debian packages. All the commands it contains have a dh_ prefix. Debhelper is mainly developed by Joey Hess. The dh_make script (in the dh-make package) creates files required for generating a Debian package in a directory initially containing the sources for a piece of software. As can be guessed from the name of the program, the generated files use Debhelper by default. ALTERNATIVE CDBS cdbs is another approach to Debian packaging, based exclusively on an inheritance system across Makefile files. That tool has its advocates, since it avoids duplicating the same list of dh_* commands in the debian/rules file. However, Debhelper version 7 introduced the dh command, which itself automates the appropriate sequence of calls to all the individual commands in the correct order, and CDBS has lost most of its appeal since then. dupload and dput The dupload and dput commands allow uploading a Debian package to a (possibly remote) server. This allows developers to publish their package on the main Debian server (p-master.debian.org) so that it can be integrated to the archive and distributed by mirrors. These commands take a *.changes file as a parameter, and deduce the other relevant files from its contents. 15.4.2. Acceptance Process Becoming a Debian developer is not a simple administrative matter. The process is made of several steps, and is as much an initiation as it is a selection process. In any case, it is formalized and well-documented, so anyone can track their progression on the website dedicated to the new maintainer process. ➨ http://nm.debian.org/ 424 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
EXTRA Lightweight process for “Debian Maintainers” A “Debian Maintainer” status has recently been introduced. The associated process is quicker, and the privileges granted by this status are only enough to maintain one's own packages. A Debian developer only needs to perform a check on an initial upload, and issue a statement to the effect that they trust the prospective maintainer with the ability to maintain the package on their own. 15.4.2.1. Prerequisites All candidates are expected to have at least a working knowledge of the English language. This is required at all levels: for the initial communications with the examiner, of course, but also later, since English is the preferred language for most of the documentation; also, package users will be communicating in English when reporting bugs, and they will expect replies in English. The other prerequisite deals with motivation. Becoming a Debian developer is a process that only makes sense if the candidate knows that their interest in Debian will last for many months. The acceptance process itself may last for several months, and Debian needs developers for the long haul; each package needs permanent maintenance, and not just an initial upload. 15.4.2.2. Registration The first (real) step consists in finding a sponsor or advocate; this means an official developer willing to state that they believe that accepting X would be a good thing for Debian. This usually implies that the candidate has already been active within the community, and that their work has been appreciated. If the candidate is shy and their work is not publicly touted, they can try to convince a Debian developer to advocate them by showing their work in a private way. At the same time, the candidate must generate a public/private RSA key pair with GnuPG, which should be signed by at least one official Debian developer. The signature authenticates the name on the key. Effectively, during a key signing party, each participant must show an identity card together with their key identifiers. This step makes the link between the human and the keys official. This signature thus requires meeting in real life. If you have not yet met any Debian developers in a public free software conference, you can explicitly seek developers living nearby using the list on the following webpage as a starting point. ➨ http://wiki.debian.org/Keysigning Once the registration on nm.debian.org has been validated by the advocate, an Application Manager is assigned to the candidate. The application manager will, from there on, follow procedures and validate the various steps that the process includes. The first verification is an identity check. If you already have a key signed by two Debian developers, this step is easy; otherwise, the application manager will try and guide you in your search for Debian developers close by to organize a meet-up and a key signing. At the very beginning of the process, when the number of developers was small, there was an exception to this procedure which allowed this step to be completed with a digital scan of official identification Chapter 15 — Creating a Debian Package 425
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The Debian Administrator's Handbook
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3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
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6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
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9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
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11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
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14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
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Foreword Linux has been garnering s
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Book Structure Following the struct
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While we were obviously satisfied w
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Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
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Keywords Objective Means Operation
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1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
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TOOL Installer debian-installer is
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COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
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➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
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1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
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with the changelog.gz file (or equi
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were only lile challenges at the be
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can always fine-tune these paramete
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PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
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Each specific service has its own s
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tool. Whether used in graphical or
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Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
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their work. The next step is the in
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28 The Debian Administrator's Handb
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Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
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We have envisioned this case study
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Several factors have dictated this
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• A survey of several French serv
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Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
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Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
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HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
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Keywords Installation Partitioning
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BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
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copy the previously downloaded ISO
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of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Page 401 and 402: ut the other elements should also b
Page 403 and 404: • INPUT: concerns packets whose d
Page 405 and 406: Other actions, particularly those c
Page 407 and 408: Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
Page 409 and 410: • those that qualify a message as
Page 411 and 412: 14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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Page 415 and 416: Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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Page 419 and 420: # semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
Page 421 and 422: # myapp executable will have: # lab
Page 423 and 424: GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
Page 425 and 426: Message avc:denied { read write } p
Page 427 and 428: ➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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Page 437 and 438: Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
Page 439 and 440: editor shows us that dch really did
Page 441 and 442: 15.2. Building your First Package 1
Page 443 and 444: particular case, library, is useful
Page 445 and 446: The interpretation of such a rule i
Page 447 and 448: ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
Page 449: a huge problem as soon as the error
Page 453 and 454: not yet gone through the new mainta
Page 455 and 456: Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
Page 457: 16.3. Future of this Book We would
Page 460 and 461: These objectives necessarily involv
Page 462 and 463: A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
Page 464 and 465: $ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
Page 466 and 467: tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
Page 468 and 469: B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
Page 470 and 471: B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
Page 472 and 473: B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
Page 474 and 475: comes back when the execution of th
Page 476 and 477: • the standard C library (glibc),
Page 478 and 479: alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
Page 480 and 481: Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
Page 482 and 483: edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
Page 484 and 485: in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
Page 486 and 487: lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
Page 488 and 489: hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
Page 490 and 491: ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
Page 492 and 493: suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
Page 494: Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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