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Configuration of the bootloader must identify the different hard drives and their partitions. Linux uses a special filesystem (in “block” mode) stored in the /dev/ directory, for this purpose. Historically, /dev/hda was the master disk on the first IDE controller, and /dev/hdb its first slave, /dev/hdc and /dev/hdd being, respectively, the master and slave disks on the second IDE controller, and so on down for any others. /dev/sda corresponded to the first SCSI drive, /dev/ sdb being the second, etc. This naming scheme has been unified with the Linux kernel present in Squeeze, and all hard drives (IDE/PATA, SATA, SCSI, USB, IEEE 1394) are now represented by /dev/sd*. Each partition is represented by its number on the disk on which it resides: for instance, /dev/ sda1 is the first partition on the first disk, and /dev/sdb3 is the third partition on the second disk. The PC architecture (or “i386”) is limited to four “primary” partitions per disk. To go beyond this limitation, one of them must be created as an “extended” partition, and it can then contain additional “secondary” partitions. These secondary partitions must be numbered from 5. Thus the first secondary partition could be /dev/sda5, followed by /dev/sda6, etc. It is not always easy to remember what disk is connected to which SATA controller, or in third position in the SCSI chain, especially since the naming of hotplugged hard drives (which includes among others most SATA disks and external disks) can change from one boot to another. Fortunately, udev creates, in addition to /dev/sd*, symbolic links with a fixed name, which you could then use if you wished to identify a hard drive in a non-ambiguous manner. These symbolic links are stored in /dev/disk/by-id. On a machine with two physical disks, for example, one could find the following: mirexpress:/dev/disk/by-id# ls -l total 0 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP -> ../../ ➥ sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part1 -> ➥ ../../sda1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 ata-STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part2 -> ➥ ../../sda2 [...] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697-part1 -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 ata-WDC_WD5001AALS-00L3B2_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697-part2 -> ../../sdb2 [...] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP -> ➥ ../../sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part1 ➥ -> ../../sda1 162 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_STM3500418AS_9VM3L3KP-part2 ➥ -> ../../sda2 [...] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697 -> ../../sdb lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697-part1 -> ../../sdb1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 scsi-SATA_WDC_WD5001AALS-_WD- ➥ WCAT00241697-part2 -> ../../sdb2 [...] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0 ➥ -> ../../sdc lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0- ➥ part1 -> ../../sdc1 lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 16:48 usb-LaCie_iamaKey_3ed00e26ccc11a-0:0- ➥ part2 -> ../../sdc2 [...] lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 9 23 jul. 08:58 wwn-0x5000c50015c4842f -> ../../sda lrwxrwxrwx 1 root root 10 23 jul. 08:58 wwn-0x5000c50015c4842f-part1 -> ➥ ../../sda1 [...] mirexpress:/dev/disk/by-id# Note that some disks are listed several times (because they behave simultaneously as ATA disks and SCSI disks), but the relevant information is mainly in the model and serial numbers of the disks, from which you can find the peripheral file. The example configuration files given in the following sections are based on the same setup: a single master IDE disk, where the first partition is an old Windows installation and the second contains Debian GNU/Linux. 8.8.2. Configuring LILO LILO (LInux LOader) is the oldest bootloader — solid but rustic. It writes the physical address of the kernel to boot on the MBR, which is why each update to LILO (or its configuration file) must be followed by the command lilo. Forgetting to do so will render a system unable to boot if the old kernel was removed or replaced as the new one will not be in the same location on the disk. LILO's configuration file is /etc/lilo.conf; a simple file for standard configuration is illustrated in the example below. # The disk on which LILO should be installed. # By indicating the disk and not a partition. # you order LILO to be installed on the MBR. Chapter 8 — Basic Configuration: Network, Accounts, Printing… 163
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The Debian Administrator's Handbook
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3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
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6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
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9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
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11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
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14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
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Foreword Linux has been garnering s
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Book Structure Following the struct
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While we were obviously satisfied w
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Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
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Keywords Objective Means Operation
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1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
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TOOL Installer debian-installer is
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COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
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➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
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1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
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with the changelog.gz file (or equi
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were only lile challenges at the be
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can always fine-tune these paramete
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PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
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Each specific service has its own s
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tool. Whether used in graphical or
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Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
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their work. The next step is the in
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28 The Debian Administrator's Handb
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Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
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We have envisioned this case study
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Several factors have dictated this
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• A survey of several French serv
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Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
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Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
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HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
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Keywords Installation Partitioning
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BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
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copy the previously downloaded ISO
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of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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Page 141 and 142: 6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
Page 143 and 144: like aptitude has always done. It c
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Page 149 and 150: compiled by the package maintainers
Page 151 and 152: Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
Page 153 and 154: IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
Page 155 and 156: purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Page 159 and 160: Man pages not only document program
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Page 168 and 169: Keywords Configuration Localization
Page 170 and 171: This chapter reviews everything inc
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Page 180 and 181: TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
Page 182 and 183: 8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
Page 184 and 185: The creation of an account populate
Page 186 and 187: 8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
Page 190 and 191: oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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Page 194 and 195: The timezone, configured during ini
Page 196 and 197: GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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Page 200 and 201: 8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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Page 206: This requires, however, that lilo b
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Page 211 and 212: • checking the integrity of files
Page 213 and 214: By default, Debian uses four differ
Page 215 and 216: BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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Page 221 and 222: When the VNC session is closed, rem
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Page 227 and 228: • news: Usenet subsystem message
Page 229 and 230: 9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
Page 231 and 232: SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
Page 233 and 234: # Restart the IRC proxy after each
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
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ut the other elements should also b
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• INPUT: concerns packets whose d
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Other actions, particularly those c
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Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
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• those that qualify a message as
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14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
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Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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The aptitude install selinux-basics
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# semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
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# myapp executable will have: # lab
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GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
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Message avc:denied { read write } p
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➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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features imply a increased risk of
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confronted with these unfortunate c
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sure of actually fixing it; otherwi
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(...) ** 2004-11-29-19:50:49: DCC S
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Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
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editor shows us that dch really did
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15.2. Building your First Package 1
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particular case, library, is useful
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The interpretation of such a rule i
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ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
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a huge problem as soon as the error
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EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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not yet gone through the new mainta
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Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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