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The previous section lists available actions, but not their respective options. The LOG action, for instance, has the following options: • --log-priority, with default value warning, indicates the syslog message priority; • --log-prefix allows specifying a text prefix to differentiate between logged messages; • --log-tcp-sequence, --log-tcp-options and --log-ip-options indicate extra data to be integrated into the message: respectively, the TCP sequence number, TCP options, and IP options. The DNAT action (only available for IPv4) provides the --to-destination address:port option to indicate the new destination IP address and/or port. Similarly, SNAT provides --to-source address:port to indicate the new source IP address and/or port. The REDIRECT action (only available for IPv4) provides the --to-ports port(s) option to indicate the port, or port range, where the packets should be redirected. 14.2.3. Creating Rules Each rule creation requires one invocation of iptables/ip6tables. Typing these commands manually can be tedious, so the calls are usually stored in a script so that the same configuration is set up automatically every time the machine boots. This script can be written by hand, but it can also be interesting to prepare it with a high-level tool such as fwbuilder. The principle is simple. In the first step, one needs to describe all the elements that will be involved in the actual rules: • the firewall itself, with its network interfaces; • the networks, with their corresponding IP ranges; • the servers; • the ports belonging to the services hosted on the servers. The rules are then created with simple drag-and-drop actions on the objects. A few contextual menus can change the condition (negating it, for instance). Then the action needs to be chosen and configured. As far as IPv6 is concerned, one can either create two distinct rulesets for IPv4 and IPv6, or create only one and let fwbuilder translate the rules according to the addresses assigned to the objects. 380 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window fwbuilder can then generate a script configuring the firewall according to the rules that have been defined. Its modular architecture gives it the ability to generate scripts targeting different systems (iptables for Linux 2.4/2.6, ipf for FreeBSD and pf for OpenBSD). Versions of the fwbuilder package since Squeeze contain both the graphical interface and the modules for each firewall system (these were previously split over several packages, one for each target system): # aptitude install fwbuilder 14.2.4. Installing the Rules at Each Boot If the firewall is meant to protect an intermittent PPP network connection, the simplest way to deploy the script is to install it as /etc/ppp/ip-up.d/0iptables (note that only files without a dot in their name are taken into account). The firewall will thus be reloaded every time a PPP connection is established. In other cases, the recommended way is to register the configuration script in an up directive Chapter 14 — Security 381
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The Debian Administrator's Handbook
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3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
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6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
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9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
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11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
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14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
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Foreword Linux has been garnering s
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Book Structure Following the struct
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While we were obviously satisfied w
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Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
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Keywords Objective Means Operation
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1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
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TOOL Installer debian-installer is
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COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
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➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
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1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
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with the changelog.gz file (or equi
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were only lile challenges at the be
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can always fine-tune these paramete
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PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
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Each specific service has its own s
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tool. Whether used in graphical or
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Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
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their work. The next step is the in
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28 The Debian Administrator's Handb
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Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
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We have envisioned this case study
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Several factors have dictated this
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• A survey of several French serv
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Chapter Analyzing the Existing Setu
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Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Figure 3.2 Database backups Each se
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HARDWARE Next-generation PC Most re
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Keywords Installation Partitioning
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BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
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copy the previously downloaded ISO
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of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
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Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
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4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
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(swap) will be stored. This task is
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Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
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IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
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“Create a volume group”, to whi
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Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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accessible from the boot menu. You
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TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
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Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
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Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
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SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
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5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
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Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
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name. This directory also includes
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postinst and similar scripts. But t
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-----BEGIN PGP SIGNED MESSAGE-----
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and a set of upstream patches contr
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Updating database of manual pages .
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which the file comes; --status pack
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Iceweasel is a redesign of the Mozi
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handles other packaging formats, es
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Chapter Maintenance and Updates: Th
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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Page 363 and 364: We will only give a rough overview
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Page 367 and 368: 12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
Page 369 and 370: 12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
Page 371 and 372: Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
Page 373 and 374: According to its type, each object
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Page 378 and 379: Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
Page 380 and 381: 13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
Page 382 and 383: oth versions are available in Squee
Page 384 and 385: contains commented examples. Last,
Page 386 and 387: Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
Page 388 and 389: Evolution is the GNOME email client
Page 390 and 391: Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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Page 394 and 395: 13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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Page 399 and 400: Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
Page 401 and 402: ut the other elements should also b
Page 403 and 404: • INPUT: concerns packets whose d
Page 405: Other actions, particularly those c
Page 409 and 410: • those that qualify a message as
Page 411 and 412: 14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
Page 413 and 414: The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
Page 415 and 416: Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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Page 419 and 420: # semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
Page 421 and 422: # myapp executable will have: # lab
Page 423 and 424: GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
Page 425 and 426: Message avc:denied { read write } p
Page 427 and 428: ➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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Page 437 and 438: Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
Page 439 and 440: editor shows us that dch really did
Page 441 and 442: 15.2. Building your First Package 1
Page 443 and 444: particular case, library, is useful
Page 445 and 446: The interpretation of such a rule i
Page 447 and 448: ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
Page 449 and 450: a huge problem as soon as the error
Page 451 and 452: EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
Page 453 and 454: not yet gone through the new mainta
Page 455 and 456: Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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