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copy the previously downloaded ISO image (for example debian-6.0.0-amd64-i386-netinst.iso) with the command cat debian-6.0.0-amd64-i386-netinst.iso >/dev/sdb;sync. This command requires administrator rights, since it directly accesses the USB key peripheral and blindly erases its content. A more detailed explanation is available in the installation manual. Among other things, it describes an alternative method of preparing a USB key that is more complex, but that allows to customize the installer's default options (those set in the kernel command line). ➨ http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch04s03.html 4.1.3. Installing through Network Booting Many BIOSes allow booting directly from the network by downloading the kernel to boot. This method (which has several names, such as PXE or TFTP boot) can be a life-saver if the computer does not have a CD-ROM reader, or if the BIOS can't boot from such media. This installation method works in two steps. First, while booting the computer, the BIOS (or the network card) issues a BOOTP/DHCP request to automatically acquire an IP address. When a BOOTP or DHCP server returns a response, it includes a filename, as well as network settings. After having configured the network, the client computer then issues a TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol) request for a file whose name was previously indicated. Once this file is acquired, it is executed as though it were a bootloader. This then launches the Debian installation program, which is executed as though it were running from the hard drive, a CD-ROM, or a USB key. All the details of this method are available in the installation guide (“Preparing files for TFTP Net Booting” section). ➨ http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch05s01.html#boot-tftp ➨ http://www.debian.org/releases/stable/i386/ch04s05.html 4.1.4. Other Installation Methods When we have to deploy customized installations for a large number of computers, we generally choose an automated rather than a manual installation method. Depending on the situation and the complexity of the installations to be made, we can use FAI (Fully Automatic Installer, described in Section 12.3.1, “Fully Automatic Installer (FAI)” (page 337)), or even a customized installation CD with preseeding (see Section 12.3.2, “Preseeding Debian-Installer” (page 338)). 4.2. Installing, Step by Step 4.2.1. Booting and Starting the Installer Once the BIOS has begun booting from the CD- or DVD-ROM, the Isolinux bootloader menu appears. At this stage, the Linux kernel is not yet loaded; this menu allows you to choose the kernel 52 The Debian Administrator's Handbook
to boot and enter possible parameters to be transferred to it in the process. For a standard installation, you only need to choose “Install” or “Graphical install” (with the arrows), then press the Enter key to initiate the remainder of the installation process. If the DVD-ROM is a “Multi-arch” disk (such as the one included with this book), and the machine has an Intel or AMD 64 bit processor, the menu options “64 bit install” and “64 bit graphical install” enable the installation of the 64 bit variant (amd64) instead of the default 32 bit variant (i386). In practice, the 64 bit version is only relevant on a server rather than a desktop workstation, since it will cause difficulties with the use of certain non-free software that are released only as binaries. GOING FURTHER 32 or 64 bits? The fundamental difference between 32 and 64 bit systems is the size of memory addresses. In theory, a 32 bit system can not work with more than 4 GB of RAM (2 32 bytes). In practice, it is possible to work around this limitation by using the 686-bigmem kernel variant, so long as the processor handles the PAE (Physical Address Extension) functionality. Using it does have a notable influence on system performance, however. This is why it is useful to use the 64 bit mode on a server with a large amount of RAM. For an office computer (where a few percent difference in performance is negligible), you must keep in mind that some proprietary programs are not available in 64 bit versions (such as Skype and the plugin for handling Java applets in web browsers, for example). It is technically possible to make them work on 64 bit systems, but you have to install the 32 bit versions with all the necessary libraries, and oen to use setarch or linux32 (in the util-linux package) to trick applications regarding the nature of the system. This is very demanding for a relatively small gain. IN PRACTICE Installation alongside an existing Windows system If the computer is already running Windows, it is not necessary to delete the system in order to install Debian. You can have both systems at once, each installed on a separate disk or partition, and choose which to start when booting the computer. This configuration is oen called “dual boot”, and the Debian installation system can set it up. This is done during the hard drive partitioning stage of installation and while seing up the bootloader (see the sidebars in those sections). If you already have a working Windows system, you can even do without the recovery CD-ROM; Debian offers a Windows program that will download a light Debian installer and set it up on the hard disk. You then only need to reboot the computer and choose between normal Windows boot or booting the installation program. You can also find it on a dedicated website with a rather explicit name… ➨ http://ftp.debian.org/debian/tools/win32-loader/stable/ ➨ http://www.goodbye-microsoft.com/ BACK TO BASICS Boot loader The bootloader is a low-level program that is responsible for booting the Linux kernel just aer the BIOS passes off its control. To handle this task, it must be able to locate the Linux kernel to boot on the disk. On i386/amd64 architectures, the two most used programs to perform this task are LILO, the older Chapter 4 — Installation 53
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The Debian Administrator's Handbook
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3.1.3 Integration with Other Linux/
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6.5 Checking Package Authenticity .
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9.4.1 Administrating On a Web Inter
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11.5 Seing Up Windows Shares with S
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14.2 Firewall or Packet Filtering .
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B.2.2 The User's Home Directory . .
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Foreword Linux has been garnering s
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Book Structure Following the struct
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While we were obviously satisfied w
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Tobias Gruetzmacher, Tournier Simon
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Keywords Objective Means Operation
Page 28 and 29: 1.1. What Is Debian? CULTURE Origin
Page 30 and 31: TOOL Installer debian-installer is
Page 32 and 33: COMMUNITY Upstream author, or Debia
Page 34 and 35: ➨ http://www.opensource.org/licen
Page 36 and 37: 1.3.1. The Debian Developers Debian
Page 38 and 39: with the changelog.gz file (or equi
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Page 42 and 43: can always fine-tune these paramete
Page 44 and 45: PERSPECTIVE Debian for multimedia A
Page 46 and 47: Each specific service has its own s
Page 48 and 49: tool. Whether used in graphical or
Page 50 and 51: Figure 1.2 Compilation of a package
Page 52 and 53: their work. The next step is the in
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Page 56 and 57: Keywords Falcot Corp SMB Strong Gro
Page 58 and 59: We have envisioned this case study
Page 60 and 61: Several factors have dictated this
Page 62: • A survey of several French serv
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Page 67 and 68: Figure 3.1 Coexistence of Debian wi
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Page 74 and 75: Keywords Installation Partitioning
Page 76 and 77: BACK TO BASICS A catch-up course in
Page 80 and 81: of the two, and GRUB, a more modern
Page 82 and 83: Figure 4.3 Selecting the country 4.
Page 84 and 85: 4.2.9. Configuring the Clock If the
Page 86 and 87: (swap) will be stored. This task is
Page 88 and 89: Figure 4.9 Guided partitioning The
Page 90 and 91: IN PRACTICE Shrinking a Windows par
Page 92 and 93: “Create a volume group”, to whi
Page 94 and 95: Figure 4.12 Selecting a Debian mirr
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Page 98: TIP Debian thinks of speakers of no
Page 101 and 102: Chapter Packaging System: Tools and
Page 103 and 104: Chapter 7, Solving Problems and Fin
Page 105 and 106: SHA1: 350a8a7a43fe182d54f3b7d73b803
Page 107 and 108: 5.2.1.2. Conflicts: the Conflicts f
Page 109 and 110: Figure 5.1 Use of a Provides field
Page 111 and 112: name. This directory also includes
Page 113 and 114: postinst and similar scripts. But t
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Page 117 and 118: and a set of upstream patches contr
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Page 121 and 122: which the file comes; --status pack
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The syntax of the last field depend
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6.1.1.2. The Backports From backpor
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6.2.1. Initialization For any work
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6.2.3. System Upgrade Regular upgra
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it can be configured through severa
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TIP Comments in /etc/apt/ preferenc
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6.4. Frontends: aptitude, synaptic
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like aptitude has always done. It c
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aptitude's log will only contain a
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“Authentication” tab in the Sei
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compiled by the package maintainers
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Figure 6.3 Upgrading with update-ma
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IN PRACTICE The Falcot Corp case Fa
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purpose is editing. Browsing this c
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Chapter Solving Problems and Findin
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Man pages not only document program
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The navigation controls in the docu
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constraints... 7.2. Common Procedur
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7.2.3. Asking for Help on a Mailing
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Keywords Configuration Localization
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This chapter reviews everything inc
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The questions are relevant to the p
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to 1 Gb/s). The most widely used ca
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A connection by telephone modem req
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Network Manager knows how to handle
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TIP Bypassing DNS Since application
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8.4.3. Modifying an Existing Accoun
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The creation of an account populate
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8.7. Printer Configuration Printer
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Configuration of the bootloader mus
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oot=/dev/sda # the partition that c
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kernel /vmlinuz root=/dev/sda2 init
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The timezone, configured during ini
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GOING FURTHER GPS modules and other
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A complete list of known filesystem
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8.10.1. Introduction and Prerequisi
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the choices saved in the .config fi
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$ ls ../*.deb ../linux-image-2.6.32
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This requires, however, that lilo b
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Chapter Unix Services 9 Contents Sy
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• checking the integrity of files
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By default, Debian uses four differ
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BACK TO BASICS Client, server A sys
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that requires frequent connections
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For any connection established on t
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When the VNC session is closed, rem
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There are two ways of presenting ri
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Webmin is used through a web interf
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• news: Usenet subsystem message
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9.6. The inetd Super-Server Inetd (
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SECURITY Restricting cron or atd Yo
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# Restart the IRC proxy after each
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update the quotas in the absence of
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of backups can be kept in a small a
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The Falcot Corp administrators are
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• ACTION: the action correspondin
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ATTRS{rev}==" " ATTRS{state}=="runn
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ATTENTION Graphics card and standby
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Chapter Network10 Infrastructure Co
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sent through to the masqueraded con
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CULTURE SSL and TLS The SSL protoco
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crt for the public certificate, key
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10.2.1.2. Configuring the OpenVPN S
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fast. Installing an IKE daemon (for
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pptpd is the PPTP server for Linux.
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## some defaults nodefaultroute pro
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GOING FURTHER Optimal configuration
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# (/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/acce
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so that a security vulnerability in
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Example 10.12 Excerpt of /etc/bind/
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} option broadcast-address 192.168.
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10.8.2. Remote Diagnosis: nmap nmap
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The packet currently displayed was
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Chapter 11 Network Services: Postfi
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the ISP's SMTP server, which is alw
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alias_database = hash:/etc/aliases
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virtual_mailbox_base = /var/mail/vh
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The last two rules reject any messa
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The reject_unlisted_recipient rule
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failed messages later), especially
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# Unfiltered addresses postmaster@f
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Note that the SASL database was cre
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Apache is a modular server, and man
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# New log format including (virtual
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11.2.3.2. Restricting Access The Al
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➨ http://www.falcot.com/cgi-bin/a
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RPC services register to a director
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option, which disables this behavio
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The package also proposes identifyi
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1 5 Specifies the character set and
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username = user password = password
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11.6.3. Configuring a Filter squid
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objectClass: dcObject objectClass:
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Question Answer LDAP server Uniform
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and so on). The answer to the “co
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go into deeper detail for some conc
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Chapter Advanced12 Administration C
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CULTURE Independent or inexpensive?
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RAID-5 RAID-5 addresses the asymmet
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Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Bl
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there will be a synchronization pha
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[...] Update Time : Thu Sep 30 15:5
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Fortunately, these lines can be gen
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# pvdisplay "/dev/sdb2" is a new ph
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Allocation inherit Read ahead secto
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# cat /etc/fstab [...] /dev/vg_crit
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[...] # df -h /srv/base/ Filesystem
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• The remaining partitions, sda7
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that gets started) is known as dom0
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or Mandriva). Other methods include
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# xm list Name ID Mem VCPUs State T
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known as control groups, by which d
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into a separate switch, with the co
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done. INIT: Entering runlevel: 3 St
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12.2.3.2. Network Configuration Jus
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is accessible from all interfaces;
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We will only give a rough overview
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• from the network; preseeding th
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12.3.3. Simple-CDD: The All-In-One
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12.4. Monitoring Monitoring is a ge
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Finally, when a plugin is invoked w
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According to its type, each object
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check_command } define service{ use
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Keywords Workstation Graphical desk
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13.1. Configuring the X11 Server Th
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oth versions are available in Squee
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contains commented examples. Last,
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Figure 13.2 The KDE desktop Since t
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Evolution is the GNOME email client
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Strictly speaking, Debian Squeeze c
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The next versions of these applicat
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13.4.4.3. Collaborative Work With F
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The Windows partition must first be
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Chapter Security14 Contents Definin
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ut the other elements should also b
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• INPUT: concerns packets whose d
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Other actions, particularly those c
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Figure 14.2 Fwbuilder's main window
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• those that qualify a message as
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14.3.3.1. Auditing Packages: debsum
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The chkrootkit and rkhunter package
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Figure 14.3 Security contexts and U
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The aptitude install selinux-basics
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# semanage login -a -s user_u rhert
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# myapp executable will have: # lab
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GOING FURTHER The m4 macro language
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Message avc:denied { read write } p
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➨ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQ
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features imply a increased risk of
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confronted with these unfortunate c
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sure of actually fixing it; otherwi
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(...) ** 2004-11-29-19:50:49: DCC S
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Chapter Creating a Debian15 Package
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editor shows us that dch really did
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15.2. Building your First Package 1
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particular case, library, is useful
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The interpretation of such a rule i
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ALTERNATIVE apt-ftparchive If mini-
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a huge problem as soon as the error
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EXTRA Lightweight process for “De
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not yet gone through the new mainta
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Chapter Debian's16 Conclusion: Futu
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16.3. Future of this Book We would
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These objectives necessarily involv
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A.7. Damn Small Linux This distribu
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$ pwd /home/rhertzog $ cd Desktop $
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tmpfs 514208 269136 245072 53% /dev
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B.3.1. The Deepest Layer: the Hardw
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B.4. Some Tasks Handled by the Kern
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B.4.3. Shared Functions Since a num
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comes back when the execution of th
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• the standard C library (glibc),
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alternative, 356 am-utils, 173 aman
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Collins, Ben, 12 command line inter
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edquota, 209 eGroupware, 366 EHLO,
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in-addr.arpa, 241 Includes, Apache
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lspci, 444 lspcmcia, 444 lsusb, 444
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hardware acceleration, 190 openswan
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ead, right, 196 README.Debian, 11,
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suite, office, 368 super-server, 20
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Z Zabbix, 343 Zacchiroli, Stefano,
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