Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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1.4 Future potential Future prospects for stainless steel in rail and bus applications are expected to focus around two axes: the development of work-hardened stainless steel fabricated components and the greater use of ferritic grades. Ferritic stainless steel has also been tested successfully for structural applications. In this context, another aspect of innovation has been the increasing use of mechanical fasteners. This was inspired by the concept of modular design, which makes future refurbishment easier and less costly. Figures 23 and 24. Experimental structure and wall of a railway carriage in laser-cut ferritic stainless steel hollow sections, using a mechanical fastening technique (Pauly 2007). An example of the weightsaving potential of stainless steel can be found in the U.S., where the Department of Energy is supporting an R&D project of a prototype, hybrid electric, ultra-light, stainless steel, 40-foot urban bus. This bus features a low-floor monocoque-type structure, four-wheel independent suspension (with no interior intrusion for axle clearance) and a front-frame crush zone to improve occupant safety in the event of a collision. The bus has an estimated curb weight of only 4,400 kg, which represents a mass reduction of 64 % compared to conventional buses and thus improves passenger-carrying payload and fuel economy. 16 Figure 25. Rear view of an ultra-light, stainless steel, hybrid electric transit bus being developed under a DOE/industry partnership (Fisher 2008).
In addition to the weight and fuel-economy improvements, Department of Energy officials expect the bus to be 40 % less costly to build. The cost model for the prototype vehicle can be found in Figure 27 (Emmons 2006). The project shows that in the two main criteria for the development of public transport – cost reduction and a reduction of the use of fossil fuels – stainless steel can make a contribution. Figure 26. Prototype of driver’s station Figure 27. Cost model of the (Emmons 2006). prototype vehicle (Emmons 2006). 17
Page 1 and 2: Preface This publication is the mai
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface ..................
Page 5: List of symbols Mechanical properti
Page 8 and 9: Figure 1. Rear view of El Capitan.
Page 10 and 11: In Japan and the Asia-Pacific areas
Page 12 and 13: 12 Figure 13. Delhi metro coach (Go
Page 14 and 15: 1.3 Bus and coach applications 14 A
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials By definition, stainle
Page 21 and 22: use higher nitrogen contents in aus
Page 23 and 24: Grade 1.4318 stainless steel was su
Page 25 and 26: MPa). Table 7 shows the format and
Page 27 and 28: 1. Design using minimum specified v
Page 29 and 30: Table 9. The most common stainless
Page 31 and 32: Table 10. Physical properties of so
Page 33 and 34: for example, in the case of lap joi
Page 35 and 36: to develop new de-icing chemicals,
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) Figure 30. Photograph from
Page 39 and 40: Austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainles
Page 41 and 42: Figure 33 shows the behaviour of fe
Page 43 and 44: (a) (b) Figure 35. Localised corros
Page 45 and 46: visual and not detrimental to struc
Page 47 and 48: Reduction factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 49 and 50: It is typical of cold-worked stainl
Page 51 and 52: Thermomechanical treatments can be
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. The minimum values for co
Page 55 and 56: 3. Lightweight structures and desig
Page 57 and 58: K joints The requirements for K joi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 42. Overlapping joint (Yrjö
Page 61 and 62: Another typical way to join a hollo
Page 63 and 64: There are some disadvantages with a
Page 65 and 66: New challenges have to be met in bo
Page 67 and 68:
Stiffness parameters Despite the li
Page 69 and 70:
Figure 52. An experimental, sandwic
Page 71:
71 Figure 53. Stainless steel sandw
Page 74 and 75:
values are shown in Table 20. A com
Page 76 and 77:
Springback was determined by measur
Page 78 and 79:
A “three-roll” (pyramid-type) b
Page 80 and 81:
angle of 180 °. Figure 58 shows th
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design and the manufacture of the t
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Combined with modern pulsing techni
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possibility of transferring the bea
Page 89 and 90:
5. Properties of lightweight struct
Page 91 and 92:
Table 28. Fusion welding results fo
Page 93 and 94:
welding mechanical treatments. Howe
Page 95 and 96:
performance of a weld-joint detail
Page 97 and 98:
2400 N. Thus, the specified fatigue
Page 99 and 100:
limited number of static bending te
Page 101 and 102:
material strengths or manufacturing
Page 103 and 104:
section at a velocity of 3.0 m/s. F
Page 105 and 106:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 65. (a) Deflecti
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Figure 67. Panel sections after lon
Page 109 and 110:
6. Life cycle issues The transporti
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and services, occurring throughout
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100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Mater
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(especially in the case of lower-al
Page 117 and 118:
Acknowledgements The following orga
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References Ala-Outinen, T. 1996. Fi
Page 121 and 122:
DIN 6935. 1975. Kaltbiegen von Flac
Page 123 and 124:
Federation of metals industries. ME
Page 125:
UNEP 2002. Industry as a partner fo
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