Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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Steel Typical composition (%) Rp0.2 Rp1.0 Rm A5 KV Description Type EN ASTM C N Cr Ni Mo Other (N/mm 2 )(N/mm 2 )(N/mm 2 ) (%) (J) Austenitic CrNiMo steels Austenitic high-alloy steels 1.4541 321 0.04 - 17.3 9.1 - Ti 200 240 500 40 60 Ti-stabilised stainless steel Low-carbon stainless steel 1.4306 304L 0.02 - 18.2 10.1 - - 200 240 500 45 60 with high nickel CrNiMo 1.4401 316 0.04 - 17.2 10.2 2.1 - 220 260 520 45 60 stainless steel Low-carbon CrNiMo 1.4404 316L 0.02 - 17.2 10.1 2.1 - 220 260 520 45 60 stainless steel Highmolybdenum CrNiMo 1.4436 316 0.04 - 16.9 10.7 2.6 - 220 260 530 40 60 stainless steel Low-carbon, highmolybdenum 1.4432 316L 0.02 - 16.9 10.7 2.6 - 220 260 520 45 60 CrNiMo steel Nitrogen-alloyed CrNiMo 1.4406 316LN 0.02 0.14 17.2 10.3 2.1 - 280 320 580 40 60 stainless steel Ti-stabilised CrNiMo 1.4571 316Ti 0.04 - 16.8 10.9 2.1 Ti 220 260 520 40 60 stainless steel Low-carbon CrNiMo 1.4435 316L 0.02 - 17.3 12.6 2.6 - 220 260 520 45 60 stainless steel Special steel for the chemical 1.4439 317LMN 0.02 0.14 17.8 12.7 4.1 - 270 310 580 40 60 industry 1.4539 N08904 0.01 - 20 25 4.3 1.5Cu 220 260 520 35 60 Used in, for 1.4529 1.4547 1.4565 N08926 0.02 0.20 20 S31254 0.01 0.20 20 S34565 0.02 0.45 24 25 6.5 0.5Cu 18 6.1 Cu 17 4.5 5.5Mn 300 300 420 340 340 460 650 650 800 40 40 30 60 60 90 example, load bearing structures in swimming pools 30
Table 10. Physical properties of some common stainless steel grades (Yrjölä 2008). Steel Physical properties Type EN ASTM Density E α λ c ρ RT / 400 °C 100 °C / 400 °C RT / 400 °C RT RT (kg/dm 3 ) (GPa) (10 -6 / °C) (W/m °C) (J/kg °C) (μΏm) 1.4003 S40977 7.7 220 / - 11.0 / - 28 / - 460 0.58 Ferritic stainless steels Duplex steels CrNi and CrMn steels CrNiMo steels High-alloy steels 1.4016 430 7.7 220 / 195 10.0 / 10.5 25 / 25 460 0.60 1.4509 S43940 7.7 220 / - 10.0 / - 25 / - 460 0.60 1.4512 409 7.7 220 / - 10.0 / - 25 / - 460 0.60 1.4521 444 7.7 220 / - 10.0 / - 25 / - 460 0.60 1.4162 S32101 7.8 200 / 172 13.0 / 14.5 15 / 20 500 0.80 1.4362 S32304 7.8 200 / 172 13.0 / 14.5 15 / 20 500 0.80 1.4462 S32205 7.8 200 / 172 13.0 / 14.5 15 / 20 500 0.80 1.4410 S32750 7.8 200 / 172 13.0 / 14.5 15 / 20 500 0.80 1.4318 301LN 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4372 201 7.8 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.70 1.4301 304 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4307 304L 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 18.0 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4311 304LN 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4541 321 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4306 304L 7.9 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.73 1.4401 316 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4404 316L 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4436 316 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4432 316L 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4406 316LN 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4571 316Ti 8.0 200 / 172 16.5 / 18.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4435 316L 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 15 / 20 500 0.75 1.4439 317LMN 8.0 200 / 172 16.0 / 17.5 14 / 20 500 0.85 1.4539 N08904 8.0 195 / 166 15.8 / 16.9 12 / 18 450 1.00 1.4529 N08926 8.1 195 / 166 15.8 / 16.9 12 / 18 450 1.00 1.4547 S31254 8.0 195 / 166 16.5 / 18.0 14 / 18 500 0.85 1.4565 S34565 8.0 190 / 165 14.5 / 16.8 12 / 18 450 0.92 2.4 Corrosion properties Stainless steels offer a wide and extremely attractive range of mechanical properties and excellent manufacturability for passenger-transport vehicle applications. However, their “traditional” market argument – corrosion resistance – should not be forgotten in these applications. Resistance to environmental attack is one of the key issues in providing life-cycle benefits through, for example, reducing or eliminating the need for protective surface treatments (thus reducing environmental impact) and providing lower service 31
Page 1 and 2: Preface This publication is the mai
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface ..................
Page 5: List of symbols Mechanical properti
Page 8 and 9: Figure 1. Rear view of El Capitan.
Page 10 and 11: In Japan and the Asia-Pacific areas
Page 12 and 13: 12 Figure 13. Delhi metro coach (Go
Page 14 and 15: 1.3 Bus and coach applications 14 A
Page 16 and 17: 1.4 Future potential Future prospec
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials By definition, stainle
Page 21 and 22: use higher nitrogen contents in aus
Page 23 and 24: Grade 1.4318 stainless steel was su
Page 25 and 26: MPa). Table 7 shows the format and
Page 27 and 28: 1. Design using minimum specified v
Page 29: Table 9. The most common stainless
Page 33 and 34: for example, in the case of lap joi
Page 35 and 36: to develop new de-icing chemicals,
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) Figure 30. Photograph from
Page 39 and 40: Austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainles
Page 41 and 42: Figure 33 shows the behaviour of fe
Page 43 and 44: (a) (b) Figure 35. Localised corros
Page 45 and 46: visual and not detrimental to struc
Page 47 and 48: Reduction factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 49 and 50: It is typical of cold-worked stainl
Page 51 and 52: Thermomechanical treatments can be
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. The minimum values for co
Page 55 and 56: 3. Lightweight structures and desig
Page 57 and 58: K joints The requirements for K joi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 42. Overlapping joint (Yrjö
Page 61 and 62: Another typical way to join a hollo
Page 63 and 64: There are some disadvantages with a
Page 65 and 66: New challenges have to be met in bo
Page 67 and 68: Stiffness parameters Despite the li
Page 69 and 70: Figure 52. An experimental, sandwic
Page 71: 71 Figure 53. Stainless steel sandw
Page 74 and 75: values are shown in Table 20. A com
Page 76 and 77: Springback was determined by measur
Page 78 and 79: A “three-roll” (pyramid-type) b
Page 80 and 81:
angle of 180 °. Figure 58 shows th
Page 82 and 83:
design and the manufacture of the t
Page 84 and 85:
Combined with modern pulsing techni
Page 86 and 87:
possibility of transferring the bea
Page 89 and 90:
5. Properties of lightweight struct
Page 91 and 92:
Table 28. Fusion welding results fo
Page 93 and 94:
welding mechanical treatments. Howe
Page 95 and 96:
performance of a weld-joint detail
Page 97 and 98:
2400 N. Thus, the specified fatigue
Page 99 and 100:
limited number of static bending te
Page 101 and 102:
material strengths or manufacturing
Page 103 and 104:
section at a velocity of 3.0 m/s. F
Page 105 and 106:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 65. (a) Deflecti
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 67. Panel sections after lon
Page 109 and 110:
6. Life cycle issues The transporti
Page 111 and 112:
and services, occurring throughout
Page 113 and 114:
100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Mater
Page 115 and 116:
(especially in the case of lower-al
Page 117 and 118:
Acknowledgements The following orga
Page 119 and 120:
References Ala-Outinen, T. 1996. Fi
Page 121 and 122:
DIN 6935. 1975. Kaltbiegen von Flac
Page 123 and 124:
Federation of metals industries. ME
Page 125:
UNEP 2002. Industry as a partner fo
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