Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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Price Stability Through Alloying Price Stability Through Alloying Structural Applications Duplex N & Mn Temper 1.4162 Rolling Ferritic 1.4003 Cr 12 % Temper 201LN Rolling N & Mn 301LN Temper 1.4318 Rolling N 1.4301 & Mn AISI 304 Inter- Mn & Cu 1.4372 mediate Ferritic Local 1.4618 grades: 201 Annealing “201Cu” Heating 1.4509 & to Prevent Cr 18 % “204Cu” Hardening & 1.4016 Cr 16 % Forming Applications Figure 38. Optimising both material and manufacturing costs by using new alloys and novel treatments (Taulavuori 2008). 54 Thermo- Mechanical Treatments & Reversion Annealing Bake Hardening Hot Forming Processes Optimized Heat- Treatments
3. Lightweight structures and design Most stainless steel structures in transport vehicles are made of hollow sections. Examples include bus-body frames and sheet-metal parts, either flat (e.g. bus-body surface sheets) or formed (e.g. roll-formed profiles in trains or metro cars). A relatively new technology, of great potential, is the use of all-steel sandwich panels. It offers the possibility of massive weight reduction. This chapter briefly reviews hollow-section and sandwich-panel design principles. Further information on the manufacturing of such structures will be found in Chapter 4, “Manufacturing issues in lightweight structures”. 3.1. Stainless hollow-section structures This chapter discusses the manufacturing, dimension ranges and properties of stainless structural hollow sections readily available on the market. Apart from common “catalogue” or standard dimensions and materials, hollow sections may also be purchased in other materials and tailored dimensions, depending on the manufacturer´s capabilities. A more thorough presentation of standard stainless steel hollow sections and their manufacturing and applications can be found in a recent handbook (Yrjölä 2008). 3.1.1. Manufacture of hollow sections Structural hollow sections are usually made by cold forming and welding. Cold forming is carried out either by roll forming or by bending separate hollow sections. Welding methods used are TIG or plasma arc welding, HF (high frequency induction welding) and laser welding (Yrjölä 2008). Roll forming Roll forming is a continuous manufacturing method, in which steel strip is cold-formed on the production line using a number of roll-pair stands. The material used is coiled steel strip, longitudinally cut to the width corresponding to the dimensions of the hollow section. The steel strip is uncoiled, welded to the previous strip and fed to the rollforming line. If required, strip-edge quality can be improved by edge trimming before forming. There are two different forming methods for square and rectangular hollow sections: round forming or direct forming. In round forming, steel strip is first formed into a circular hollow section then welded and formed with profiling rolls into a circle, square or rectangle. Steel strip can also be directly formed into a rectangle, by bending it from the corner zones and welding the seam. The latter method is used when manufacturing hollow sections with large outer dimensions and/or in the case of small quantities. 55
Page 1 and 2:
Preface This publication is the mai
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface ..................
Page 5: List of symbols Mechanical properti
Page 8 and 9: Figure 1. Rear view of El Capitan.
Page 10 and 11: In Japan and the Asia-Pacific areas
Page 12 and 13: 12 Figure 13. Delhi metro coach (Go
Page 14 and 15: 1.3 Bus and coach applications 14 A
Page 16 and 17: 1.4 Future potential Future prospec
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials By definition, stainle
Page 21 and 22: use higher nitrogen contents in aus
Page 23 and 24: Grade 1.4318 stainless steel was su
Page 25 and 26: MPa). Table 7 shows the format and
Page 27 and 28: 1. Design using minimum specified v
Page 29 and 30: Table 9. The most common stainless
Page 31 and 32: Table 10. Physical properties of so
Page 33 and 34: for example, in the case of lap joi
Page 35 and 36: to develop new de-icing chemicals,
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) Figure 30. Photograph from
Page 39 and 40: Austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainles
Page 41 and 42: Figure 33 shows the behaviour of fe
Page 43 and 44: (a) (b) Figure 35. Localised corros
Page 45 and 46: visual and not detrimental to struc
Page 47 and 48: Reduction factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 49 and 50: It is typical of cold-worked stainl
Page 51 and 52: Thermomechanical treatments can be
Page 53: Table 17. The minimum values for co
Page 57 and 58: K joints The requirements for K joi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 42. Overlapping joint (Yrjö
Page 61 and 62: Another typical way to join a hollo
Page 63 and 64: There are some disadvantages with a
Page 65 and 66: New challenges have to be met in bo
Page 67 and 68: Stiffness parameters Despite the li
Page 69 and 70: Figure 52. An experimental, sandwic
Page 71: 71 Figure 53. Stainless steel sandw
Page 74 and 75: values are shown in Table 20. A com
Page 76 and 77: Springback was determined by measur
Page 78 and 79: A “three-roll” (pyramid-type) b
Page 80 and 81: angle of 180 °. Figure 58 shows th
Page 82 and 83: design and the manufacture of the t
Page 84 and 85: Combined with modern pulsing techni
Page 86 and 87: possibility of transferring the bea
Page 89 and 90: 5. Properties of lightweight struct
Page 91 and 92: Table 28. Fusion welding results fo
Page 93 and 94: welding mechanical treatments. Howe
Page 95 and 96: performance of a weld-joint detail
Page 97 and 98: 2400 N. Thus, the specified fatigue
Page 99 and 100: limited number of static bending te
Page 101 and 102: material strengths or manufacturing
Page 103 and 104: section at a velocity of 3.0 m/s. F
Page 105 and 106:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 65. (a) Deflecti
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 67. Panel sections after lon
Page 109 and 110:
6. Life cycle issues The transporti
Page 111 and 112:
and services, occurring throughout
Page 113 and 114:
100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Mater
Page 115 and 116:
(especially in the case of lower-al
Page 117 and 118:
Acknowledgements The following orga
Page 119 and 120:
References Ala-Outinen, T. 1996. Fi
Page 121 and 122:
DIN 6935. 1975. Kaltbiegen von Flac
Page 123 and 124:
Federation of metals industries. ME
Page 125:
UNEP 2002. Industry as a partner fo
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Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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