Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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(d) Figure 33. The effect of atmospheric exposure on the localised-corrosion behaviour of EN 1.4003 (left) and 1.4301 (right) PPAW welded and pickled 40×40×1.5 SHS specimens. (a) Rome: 42,011 km. (b) Madrid (coach): 105,395 km. (c) Gibraltar: 59,320 km. d) Helsinki: 87,040 km (BUS). (a) (b) Figure 34. Localised corrosion and staining in grade 304SP after a 500-hour salt-spray test in CaCl2 at 20 °: (a) PPAW no pickling after welding and (b) weld bonded, no pickling (BUS). Austenitic CrMn stainless steels At present, there is only a limited amount of published test data concerning the use of manganese-alloyed austenitic stainless steels in vehicles. In general, the atmosphericcorrosion resistance of Mn-alloyed grades should be equal to that of CrNi grades with a similar chromium content. This assumption is in line with the tests performed in the BUS project, which showed that the localised-corrosion resistance of 16-7Mn grade, with 16.5 % Cr, 7.4 % Mn and 0.19 % N, was comparable to or only slightly lower than that of the standard CrNi grade EN 1.4301 (Figure 32, Figure 35 and Table 12). These results are also in agreement with previous literature references, which state that type AISI 201 manganese-alloyed stainless steel, with 16-18 % Cr and 0.25 % N, can be successfully used in railway carriages. Welding reduces corrosion resistance and materials to the risk of pitting corrosion and staining, as in the case of CrNi-alloyed grades. Corrosion resistance can be restored by post-weld surface treatments (Figure 35 (a)). 42
(a) (b) Figure 35. Localised corrosion and staining in grade 16-7Mn 2B sp after a 500-hour salt-spray test in CaCl2 at 20 °C: (a) PPAW no pickling (left) and with pickling (right) after welding and (b) weld bonded, no pickling (left) and with pickling (right) (BUS). A compilation of the field corrosion-test results, based on visual inspection, are shown in Table 12. More detailed information on the tests and their results can be found in BUS p. 222. Table 12. Corrosion behaviour of different stainless steel grades in various ground transport service conditions based on the long terms field tests (BUS p. 222). A hyphen (-) indicates that no test data is available from the projects. Material, joint type, condition Urban Marine Inland De-icing salts Coach Spain Rome Helsinki Gibraltar EN 1.4003, 2B BM W BM W BM W BM W Spot-welded lap W P 3 - 5 - 0(**) 1(**) 2(**) 0(**) 5 - 5 - 3 - 3 - Weldbonded lap W P 4 - 5 - 1 2 3 0 - 5 - 5 3 - 3 - PPAW butt W P 4 - 5 - 2 0 3 0 5 - 5 - 4 - 5 - Laser-welded butt W P 4 - 5 - - - - - - 5 - 5 4 - 4 - Hydroformed F P - 4(*) - 4(*) - - - - 5(*) 4(*) - - - 3(*) - 3(*) EN 1.4301, 2B BM W BM W BM W BM W Spot-welded lap W P 2 - 2 - - - - - 3 - 2 - 0 - 0 - Weldbonded lap W 1 1 0 2 3 3 0 0 43
Page 1 and 2: Preface This publication is the mai
Page 3 and 4: Contents Preface ..................
Page 5: List of symbols Mechanical properti
Page 8 and 9: Figure 1. Rear view of El Capitan.
Page 10 and 11: In Japan and the Asia-Pacific areas
Page 12 and 13: 12 Figure 13. Delhi metro coach (Go
Page 14 and 15: 1.3 Bus and coach applications 14 A
Page 16 and 17: 1.4 Future potential Future prospec
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials By definition, stainle
Page 21 and 22: use higher nitrogen contents in aus
Page 23 and 24: Grade 1.4318 stainless steel was su
Page 25 and 26: MPa). Table 7 shows the format and
Page 27 and 28: 1. Design using minimum specified v
Page 29 and 30: Table 9. The most common stainless
Page 31 and 32: Table 10. Physical properties of so
Page 33 and 34: for example, in the case of lap joi
Page 35 and 36: to develop new de-icing chemicals,
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) Figure 30. Photograph from
Page 39 and 40: Austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainles
Page 41: Figure 33 shows the behaviour of fe
Page 45 and 46: visual and not detrimental to struc
Page 47 and 48: Reduction factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 49 and 50: It is typical of cold-worked stainl
Page 51 and 52: Thermomechanical treatments can be
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. The minimum values for co
Page 55 and 56: 3. Lightweight structures and desig
Page 57 and 58: K joints The requirements for K joi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 42. Overlapping joint (Yrjö
Page 61 and 62: Another typical way to join a hollo
Page 63 and 64: There are some disadvantages with a
Page 65 and 66: New challenges have to be met in bo
Page 67 and 68: Stiffness parameters Despite the li
Page 69 and 70: Figure 52. An experimental, sandwic
Page 71: 71 Figure 53. Stainless steel sandw
Page 74 and 75: values are shown in Table 20. A com
Page 76 and 77: Springback was determined by measur
Page 78 and 79: A “three-roll” (pyramid-type) b
Page 80 and 81: angle of 180 °. Figure 58 shows th
Page 82 and 83: design and the manufacture of the t
Page 84 and 85: Combined with modern pulsing techni
Page 86 and 87: possibility of transferring the bea
Page 89 and 90: 5. Properties of lightweight struct
Page 91 and 92: Table 28. Fusion welding results fo
Page 93 and 94:
welding mechanical treatments. Howe
Page 95 and 96:
performance of a weld-joint detail
Page 97 and 98:
2400 N. Thus, the specified fatigue
Page 99 and 100:
limited number of static bending te
Page 101 and 102:
material strengths or manufacturing
Page 103 and 104:
section at a velocity of 3.0 m/s. F
Page 105 and 106:
(a) (b) (c) Figure 65. (a) Deflecti
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 67. Panel sections after lon
Page 109 and 110:
6. Life cycle issues The transporti
Page 111 and 112:
and services, occurring throughout
Page 113 and 114:
100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Mater
Page 115 and 116:
(especially in the case of lower-al
Page 117 and 118:
Acknowledgements The following orga
Page 119 and 120:
References Ala-Outinen, T. 1996. Fi
Page 121 and 122:
DIN 6935. 1975. Kaltbiegen von Flac
Page 123 and 124:
Federation of metals industries. ME
Page 125:
UNEP 2002. Industry as a partner fo
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