Innovative Stainless Steel Applications in transport ... - Euro Inox

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V-core Vf-core I-core O-core a) b) Figure 49. a) Diagrams of the most typical all-steel sandwich panel types and b) examples of finished profile and hollow-section core panels. Interest in all-steel sandwich panels increased in the 1980s, as laser welding became more widespread. Laser welding offers excellent possibilities for manufacturing continuous joints in closed structures with outside access only, as in panel manufacture. Research into the development of all-steel sandwich panel design and manufacture has been carried out since the late 1980s and, today, Europe is the leader in all-steel sandwich panel technology, with the widest range of applications. a) b) Figure 50. a) Stainless steel sandwich-panel assembly using laser welding, b) semi-finished panel with core elements welded to the top sheet. 64
New challenges have to be met in both the design and manufacture of sandwich panels, compared to conventional steel structures. Other than bending loads – for which the panels are most suitable – shear and point loading, which decrease the local strength of panels welded from thin sheet materials, must also be taken into account. Further theoretical strength challenges are introduced by joining and connecting the panels to each other and to structures. New factors also have to be considered in panel manufacture. Manufacturing the core to tolerances sufficient to allow flatness in welded panels is a key prerequisite for panel applications. For this, joining methods other than arc welding, such as laser or resistance welding, adhesive bonding or mechanical joining, have to be used. These bring new possibilities but also introduce challenges and limitations to the design, manufacture, use and maintenance of panels (Kujala et al. 2003). 3.2.1 Design principles of sandwich panels The structural design of all-steel sandwich panels can be divided into two parts: calculation of the elastic response of the structure and consideration of strength criteria. Figure 51 shows a chart of the design process according to Romanoff & Kujala (2002). Figure 51. A schematic of the all-steel sandwich panel design process (Romanoff & Kujala 2002 p. 20). The design of all-steel panels starts with defining panel geometry, loads, boundary conditions and strength criteria. Both main dimensions and core geometry are included in defining panel geometry. Main dimensions are generally length, width and thickness. Core geometry includes surface and core sheet thickness, core angles, etc. There are several measurements to describe core geometry, depending on the chosen core type. 65
Page 1 and 2:
Preface This publication is the mai
Page 3 and 4:
Contents Preface ..................
Page 5:
List of symbols Mechanical properti
Page 8 and 9:
Figure 1. Rear view of El Capitan.
Page 10 and 11:
In Japan and the Asia-Pacific areas
Page 12 and 13:
12 Figure 13. Delhi metro coach (Go
Page 14 and 15: 1.3 Bus and coach applications 14 A
Page 16 and 17: 1.4 Future potential Future prospec
Page 19 and 20: 2. Materials By definition, stainle
Page 21 and 22: use higher nitrogen contents in aus
Page 23 and 24: Grade 1.4318 stainless steel was su
Page 25 and 26: MPa). Table 7 shows the format and
Page 27 and 28: 1. Design using minimum specified v
Page 29 and 30: Table 9. The most common stainless
Page 31 and 32: Table 10. Physical properties of so
Page 33 and 34: for example, in the case of lap joi
Page 35 and 36: to develop new de-icing chemicals,
Page 37 and 38: (a) (b) Figure 30. Photograph from
Page 39 and 40: Austenitic CrNi and CrNiMo stainles
Page 41 and 42: Figure 33 shows the behaviour of fe
Page 43 and 44: (a) (b) Figure 35. Localised corros
Page 45 and 46: visual and not detrimental to struc
Page 47 and 48: Reduction factor 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6
Page 49 and 50: It is typical of cold-worked stainl
Page 51 and 52: Thermomechanical treatments can be
Page 53 and 54: Table 17. The minimum values for co
Page 55 and 56: 3. Lightweight structures and desig
Page 57 and 58: K joints The requirements for K joi
Page 59 and 60: Figure 42. Overlapping joint (Yrjö
Page 61 and 62: Another typical way to join a hollo
Page 63: There are some disadvantages with a
Page 67 and 68: Stiffness parameters Despite the li
Page 69 and 70: Figure 52. An experimental, sandwic
Page 71: 71 Figure 53. Stainless steel sandw
Page 74 and 75: values are shown in Table 20. A com
Page 76 and 77: Springback was determined by measur
Page 78 and 79: A “three-roll” (pyramid-type) b
Page 80 and 81: angle of 180 °. Figure 58 shows th
Page 82 and 83: design and the manufacture of the t
Page 84 and 85: Combined with modern pulsing techni
Page 86 and 87: possibility of transferring the bea
Page 89 and 90: 5. Properties of lightweight struct
Page 91 and 92: Table 28. Fusion welding results fo
Page 93 and 94: welding mechanical treatments. Howe
Page 95 and 96: performance of a weld-joint detail
Page 97 and 98: 2400 N. Thus, the specified fatigue
Page 99 and 100: limited number of static bending te
Page 101 and 102: material strengths or manufacturing
Page 103 and 104: section at a velocity of 3.0 m/s. F
Page 105 and 106: (a) (b) (c) Figure 65. (a) Deflecti
Page 107 and 108: Figure 67. Panel sections after lon
Page 109 and 110: 6. Life cycle issues The transporti
Page 111 and 112: and services, occurring throughout
Page 113 and 114: 100 % 80 % 60 % 40 % 20 % 0 % Mater
Page 115 and 116:
(especially in the case of lower-al
Page 117 and 118:
Acknowledgements The following orga
Page 119 and 120:
References Ala-Outinen, T. 1996. Fi
Page 121 and 122:
DIN 6935. 1975. Kaltbiegen von Flac
Page 123 and 124:
Federation of metals industries. ME
Page 125:
UNEP 2002. Industry as a partner fo
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