Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

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CHAPTER 7. THE EMBOUCHURE HOLE AND PLAYER CORRECTIONS 106 player correction derived in this chapter is an average for a ‘typical’ player. However, there are significant differences between the playing styles of different flutists, and flutists playing in the classical or Irish traditions often use a different embouchure to players of the modern flute. It may be useful in the future to extend this study to take these differences into account.
107 Chapter VIII Software implementation This chapter describes the software implementation of the flute impedance model developed in the preceding chapters, and the development of a graphical user interface to the model. 8.1 THE IMPEDANCE MODEL Command-line programs were developed using the software language C to calculate the impedance spectra of a flute, to analyse such spectra to derive musically relevant parameters, and to determine the pressure and flow profiles along the instrument. The geometry of the flute is described in an XML file. Much of this code derives from that of Botros (2001); his contribution is acknowledged in the code listings in Appendix B. The software implementation of the flute model is represented in the flow diagram in Figure 8.1. The various stages are described in turn. 8.1.1 Woodwind XML schema All information about flute geometry is contained in a file written in Extensible Markup Language (XML). This language, of which HTML is a subset, contains data between descriptive tags. For example, a cylindrical bore segment of radius 9.5 mm and length 40.0 mm could be represented in XML as: 9.5 9.5 40.0 An XML file representing a woodwind (or a simple duct system) can be written manually using a text editor, or output from another computer program. To define a valid woodwind, an XML file must conform to certain rules. The rules are in the form of a Document Type Definition (DTD). The DTD for a woodwind (Woodwind.dtd) is given in Listing B.32. The elements embouchurehole and upstream defined in Woodwind.dtd are optional—for a woodwind other than a flute, or for a simple duct system, these elements are omitted in the XML description. XML files for the flutes and the clarinet discussed in this thesis are provided in Listings B.6, B.7 and B.15. 8.1.2 Woodwind data structure The files Woodwind.h and Woodwind.c define a flexible structure that is used for calculating transfer matrices and impedances. The structure differs somewhat from that defined in Woodwind.dtd, mainly in order to improve performance. For computational purposes, the flute is divided into several segments as suggested by
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Flute acoustics: measurement, model
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To Renée iii
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v I am grateful to my parents, Ross
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vii Contents Dedication . . . . . .
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1 Chapter I Introduction The world
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Figure 1.
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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 9 construct
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CHAPTER 2. THEORY AND LITERATURE RE
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k = ω c and pressure given by p(x,
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CHAPTER 3. MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPED
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Table 3.1: Several of the more comm
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51 Chapter IV Finger hole impedance
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CHAPTER 4. FINGER HOLE IMPEDANCE SP
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 157 A
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 159 C
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 161 E
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 165 F
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 169 D
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APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 187 D
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189 Appendix B Program listings B.1
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APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 191 /*
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331 Appendix C Quantifying music Th
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333 References Åbom, M. & Bodén,
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REFERENCES 335 Dubos, V., Kergomard
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REFERENCES 337 Strong, W. J., Fletc
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