Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS 126 position from embouchure (mm) 280 270 260 250 240 230 220 D5 D#5 D6 G#6 A6 C#7 D7 Note Figure 9.5: Position of pressure nodes nearest the C♯ hole (measured from the centre of the embouchure hole) for all notes that use the C♯ hole other than C♯5 and C♯6. The C♯ hole was closed for this calculation. 50 40 30 Tuning (cents) 20 10 0 -10 -20 -1 octave loco +1 octave +2 octaves + 3 octaves -30 D4 Eb4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 Bb4 B4 C5 C#5 Note Figure 9.6: The predicted tuning of the Pearl modern flute after moving and resizing the C♯ hole and adding a new register hole.
CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS AND FURTHER DIRECTIONS 127 50 40 30 Tuning (cents) 20 10 0 -10 -20 -1 octave loco +1 octave +2 octaves + 3 octaves -30 D4 Eb4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 Bb4 B4 C5 C#5 Note Figure 9.7: The predicted tuning of the modified Pearl modern flute after adjusting the stopper position. Chapter 7, some octave stretching is preferred by musicians (Ward 1954) which may explain this tendency. By changing the stopper position from 17.5 to 18.5 mm, the octaves can be reduced, as shown in Figure 9.7. The tuning shown in Figure 9.7 is clearly not optimised. The first few notes are flat, over the first octave the notes become increasingly sharp and notes such as B♭6 and C7 differ significantly in tuning from adjacent notes. Some of these tuning problems may be able to be addressed by adjusting the regulation of the flute, and others may require small changes to the sizes and positions of the holes. Whether such an ‘optimised’ flute would be judged by players to be ‘in tune’ is not entirely clear—since good flute players are adept at making subtle and semi-unconscious adjustments to their embouchure to make up for the short-comings of existing instruments. Further, flutes with slightly stretched octaves may be preferred. A possible methodology to be followed in any attempt to improve the modern flute has been illustrated by the simple example given in this section. 9.2 EIGHT-KEY FLUTE BY RUDALL & ROSE A 19th century flute in the collection of the Powerhouse Museum in Sydney was analysed using FluteCAD. The software model for the flute is based on geometrical measurements made by Terry McGee. The flute is by London makers Rudall & Rose and dates from 1838–1847. The makers’ serial number for the flute is 3522 and the Powerhouse Museum catalogue number is 93/117/5. The flute is made of wood and metal, and has a ‘patented adjustable metal-lined headjoint’. This headjoint has a screw cap that moves both the tuning slide and the stopper, but at different rates (see ). The flute has splits to the wood of the head and barrel (almost universal in flutes from this period, since the wood tends to shrink around the metal lining) and for this reason and its historical worth the flute is unplayable. A photograph of the flute is shown in Figure 9.8.
Page 1 and 2:
Flute acoustics: measurement, model
Page 3 and 4:
To Renée iii
Page 5 and 6:
v I am grateful to my parents, Ross
Page 7 and 8:
vii Contents Dedication . . . . . .
Page 9 and 10:
1 Chapter I Introduction The world
Page 11 and 12:
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3 Figure 1.
Page 13 and 14:
Page 15 and 16:
Page 17 and 18:
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 9 construct
Page 19 and 20:
CHAPTER 2. THEORY AND LITERATURE RE
Page 21 and 22:
Page 23 and 24:
k = ω c and pressure given by p(x,
Page 25 and 26:
Page 27 and 28:
Page 29 and 30:
Page 31 and 32:
Page 33 and 34:
Page 35 and 36:
Page 37 and 38:
Page 39 and 40:
CHAPTER 3. MEASURING ACOUSTIC IMPED
Page 41 and 42:
Table 3.1: Several of the more comm
Page 43 and 44:
Page 45 and 46:
Page 47 and 48:
Page 49 and 50:
Page 51 and 52:
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
Page 57 and 58:
Page 59 and 60:
51 Chapter IV Finger hole impedance
Page 61 and 62:
CHAPTER 4. FINGER HOLE IMPEDANCE SP
Page 63 and 64:
Page 65 and 66:
Page 67 and 68:
Page 69 and 70:
Page 71 and 72:
Page 73 and 74:
Page 75 and 76:
CHAPTER 5. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA OF THE
Page 77 and 78:
Page 79 and 80:
Page 81 and 82:
Page 83 and 84: CHAPTER 5. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA OF THE
Page 103 and 104: CHAPTER 6. MATERIAL AND SURFACE EFF
Page 109 and 110: CHAPTER 7. THE EMBOUCHURE HOLE AND
Page 111 and 112: CHAPTER 7. THE EMBOUCHURE HOLE AND
Page 113 and 114: D4 E4 F4 F#4 G4 G#4 A4 A#4 B4 C5 C#
Page 115 and 116: 107 Chapter VIII Software implement
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 8. SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS AND FURTHER
Page 133: CHAPTER 9. APPLICATIONS AND FURTHER
Page 137 and 138: Tuning (cents) CHAPTER 9. APPLICATI
Page 139 and 140: Mean tuning (cents re A 400) Tuning
Page 145 and 146: APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 137 C
Page 147 and 148: APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 139 F
Page 149 and 150: APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 141 A
Page 153 and 154: APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 145 D
Page 169 and 170: APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 161 E
Page 185 and 186:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 177 F
Page 187 and 188:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 179 A
Page 189 and 190:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 181 C
Page 191 and 192:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 183 F
Page 193 and 194:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 185 A
Page 195 and 196:
APPENDIX A. IMPEDANCE SPECTRA 187 D
Page 197 and 198:
189 Appendix B Program listings B.1
Page 199 and 200:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 191 /*
Page 201 and 202:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 193 */
Page 203 and 204:
Page 205 and 206:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 197 do
Page 207 and 208:
Page 209 and 210:
Page 211 and 212:
Page 213 and 214:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 205 pl
Page 215 and 216:
Page 217 and 218:
Page 219 and 220:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 211 -
Page 221 and 222:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 213 if
Page 223 and 224:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 215 Mi
Page 225 and 226:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 217 Li
Page 227 and 228:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 219 7.
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 223
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235 and 236:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 227
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 231 Pa
Page 241 and 242:
Page 243 and 244:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 235 }
Page 245 and 246:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 237 "\
Page 247 and 248:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 239 fp
Page 249 and 250:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 241 m:
Page 251 and 252:
Page 253 and 254:
Page 255 and 256:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 247 (s
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 251 m-
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 255 in
Page 265 and 266:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 257 wi
Page 267 and 268:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 259 fl
Page 269 and 270:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 261 fo
Page 271 and 272:
Page 273 and 274:
Page 275 and 276:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 267 9
Page 277 and 278:
Page 279 and 280:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 271 fr
Page 281 and 282:
Page 283 and 284:
Page 285 and 286:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 277 Op
Page 287 and 288:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 279 Pa
Page 289 and 290:
Page 291 and 292:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 283 (r
Page 293 and 294:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 285 if
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
Page 299 and 300:
Page 301 and 302:
Page 303 and 304:
Page 305 and 306:
Page 307 and 308:
Page 309 and 310:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 301 v-
Page 311 and 312:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 303 fp
Page 313 and 314:
Page 315 and 316:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 307 Ke
Page 317 and 318:
Page 319 and 320:
Page 321 and 322:
Page 323 and 324:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 315 Re
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 319 fo
Page 329 and 330:
Page 331 and 332:
Page 333 and 334:
APPENDIX B. PROGRAM LISTINGS 325 co
Page 335 and 336:
Page 337 and 338:
Page 339 and 340:
331 Appendix C Quantifying music Th
Page 341 and 342:
333 References Åbom, M. & Bodén,
Page 343 and 344:
REFERENCES 335 Dubos, V., Kergomard
Page 345:
REFERENCES 337 Strong, W. J., Fletc
show all

Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?