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Flute acoustics: measurement, modelling and design - School of ...

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vii<br />

Contents<br />

Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .<br />

iii<br />

iv<br />

Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi<br />

CHAPTERS<br />

I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.1 Introduction to flute <strong>acoustics</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1<br />

1.2 The flute maker, the curator <strong>and</strong> the s<strong>of</strong>tware engineer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2<br />

1.3 ‘<strong>Flute</strong>CAD’: taking the guesswork out <strong>of</strong> flute <strong>design</strong> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3<br />

1.4 How flutes work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5<br />

1.5 Acoustic impedance: predicting the playing qualities <strong>of</strong> a flute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

1.6 Tuning, tradition <strong>and</strong> the ‘st<strong>and</strong>ard flutist’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6<br />

1.7 S<strong>of</strong>tware implementation: goals <strong>and</strong> limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

1.8 Guide to the thesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<br />

II Theory <strong>and</strong> literature review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.1 <strong>Flute</strong>s <strong>and</strong> flute making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10<br />

2.2 Acoustics <strong>of</strong> woodwind instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13<br />

2.3 Computer models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28<br />

III Measuring acoustic impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30<br />

3.2 Review <strong>of</strong> <strong>measurement</strong> techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

3.3 Theory <strong>of</strong> acoustic impedance <strong>measurement</strong>s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31<br />

3.4 Calibration <strong>of</strong> impedance heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35<br />

3.5 Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39<br />

3.6 Optimisation <strong>of</strong> the output signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />

3.7 Materials <strong>and</strong> methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44<br />

3.8 Results <strong>and</strong> discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46<br />

IV Finger hole impedance spectra <strong>and</strong> length corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51<br />

4.2 Materials <strong>and</strong> methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53<br />

4.3 Results <strong>and</strong> discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

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