Opportunities for the smallholder sandalwood industry in ... - ACIAR

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Table 5. Comparison of the income, costs and profits of eight different planting models Summary (NPV format) US$/hectare/year a Scenario 1 Scenario 2 Scenario 3 Scenario 4 Scenario 5 Scenario 6 Scenario 7 Scenario 8 Garden (1 ha) Garden and sandalwood heartwood (1 ha) Sandalwood only (1 ha) Sandalwood sapwood (1 ha) Garden and sandalwood (10 ha) Sandalwood only (10 ha) Garden and sandalwood (1 ha) Garden and sandalwood (1 ha) 4 yr 4, 15, 20 yr 15, 20 yr 1 × 7 yr 4, 15, 20 yr 15, 20 yr 2 × 15 yr 1 × 30 yr Sandalwood gross receipts – $28,754.61 $28,754.61 $15,850.74 $194,353.07 $194,353.07 $14,878.83 $27,037.55 Garden gross receipts $12,219.51 $12,219.51 – – $26,266.08 – $14,878.83 $12,219.51 Total gross receipts $12,219.51 $40,974.11 $28,754.61 $15,850.74 $220,619.15 $194,353.07 $58,851.63 $39,257.06 less average variable costs of: – land preparation and planting $249.66 $2,467.50 $2,467.50 $6,489.79 $16,945.25 $16,945.25 $3,058.21 $2,467.50 – weed control $1,871.45 $2,553.13 $2,553.13 $2,221.12 $17,260.91 $17,256.67 $3,110.17 $2,566.84 – pruning – $120.83 $120.83 – $476.70 $476.70 $152.65 $57.00 – fertiliser – $239.48 $239.48 $678.13 $1,618.67 $1,618.67 $296.81 $239.48 – pest and disease control – $383.03 $383.03 $226.81 $1,023.22 $1,227.00 $524.41 $516.80 – irrigation – $18.73 $18.73 $18.73 $126.60 $126.60 $23.66 $18.73 – harvesting – $1,620.49 $1,620.49 $1,473.88 $5,517.48 $5,517.48 $2,296.36 $478.66 – gardening $4,903.47 $4,903.47 – – $10,540.11 – $5,970.61 $4,903.47 Total average variable costs $7,024.58 $12,306.67 $7,403.20 $11,108.47 $53,508.96 $43,168.39 $15,432.87 $11,248.49 Gross margin (receipts – variable $5,194.93 $28,667.44 $21,351.41 $4,742.27 $167,110.19 $151,184.68 $43,418.76 $28,008.57 costs) Capital purchases $3,601.75 $6,881.80 $6,881.80 $4,665.29 $7,730.64 $7,730.64 $7,585.03 $7,696.85 Total fixed costs $3,601.75 $6,881.80 $6,881.80 $4,665.29 $7,730.64 $7,730.64 $7,585.03 $7,696.85 Total costs $10,626.33 $19,188.47 $14,285.00 $15,773.76 $61,239.60 $50,899.02 $23,017.90 $18,945.33 Farm profit $1,593.18 $21,785.64 $14,469.61 $76.97 $159,379.55 $143,454.04 $35,833.73 $20,311.72 Internal rate of return 0.28 0.24 0.16 0.10 0.25 0.21 0.28 0.17 Benefit:cost ratio 1.15 2.14 2.01 1.00 3.60 3.82 2.56 2.07 Return to labour 1.76 4.70 5.74 1.27 7.64 9.33 6.02 4.98 NPV relative to scenario 1 1.00 13.67 9.08 0.05 100.04 90.04 22.49 12.75 – = not applicable; NPV = net present value a Figures are all in US$ based on the exchange rate of US$1 = 101.17 vatu on 2 August 2008 at a discount rate of 10%. 45
The data used to determine the size of the trees at ages 15 and 30 years were for trees grown under existing smallholder-managed systems with a mean annual basal increment of approximately 1 cm. With trees managed more intensely under commercial conditions, the mean annual basal increment of 1.8 cm was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than for smallholder systems. Given that all trees measured under commercial conditions were 3 years old or less, it may be expected that these growth rates would decrease. It is likely that trees managed more intensively would attain a greater size by year 15, compared with a smallholder system. It is not, however, possible to predict the influence of a more intensive management system on the development of heartwood in S. austrocaledonicum. 46
Page 1 and 2: Opportunities for the smallholder s
Page 3 and 4: The Australian Centre for Internati
Page 5 and 6: of the Vanuatu sandalwood industry.
Page 7 and 8: Socioeconomics of sandalwood produc
Page 9 and 10: Acknowledgments The authors recogni
Page 11 and 12: Summary Vanuatu is a developing cou
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Sandalwood (Santalum s
Page 15 and 16: (Fiji, Samoa and Tonga). The uncont
Page 17 and 18: 140,000 Sandalwood oil production (
Page 19 and 20: 120,000 Sandalwood oil production (
Page 21 and 22: Percentage of total Vanuatu exports
Page 23 and 24: the sustainability of wild-harvesti
Page 25 and 26: 120,000 100,000 Seedlings planted 8
Page 27 and 28: 25,000 Established sandalwood seedl
Page 29 and 30: 400 350 Heartwood production (tonne
Page 31 and 32: each of the three products, Summit
Page 33 and 34: Productivity of planted sandalwood
Page 35 and 36: 120 100 Heartwood yield (kg) 80 60
Page 37 and 38: Socioeconomics of sandalwood produc
Page 39 and 40: All input costs were expressed on a
Page 41 and 42: heartwood rotation. This sandalwood
Page 43 and 44: e beyond an individual smallholder
Page 45: NPV accumulated cash flow (US$) (di
Page 49 and 50: Table 6. Comparison of sandalwood o
Page 51 and 52: 90,000 80,000 70,000 Price (A$/tonn
Page 53 and 54: markets include growing consumer pr
Page 55 and 56: It is also possible to publish draf
Page 57 and 58: Box 2. Industry weaknesses and thre
Page 59 and 60: development strategies are based on
Page 61 and 62: or recognised through an accreditat
Page 63 and 64: Conclusions and recommendations An
Page 65 and 66: References AAG (Australian Agribusi
Page 67 and 68: Mwang’ingo P.L., Tcklchaimanot Z.

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