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196 REFERENCES AND NOTES Jonathan would not have known the Kebra Nagast, and Ethiopia would not have been a Christian state in those years with a monarch proudly proclaiming descent from Solomon. However, judging from Josephus’s contemporary writings, which are a summary of the section of the <strong>Sheba</strong>-Menelik Cycle dealing with the Queen’s visit, it is highly likely that the <strong>Sheba</strong>-Menelik Cycle was indeed known to Rabbi Jonathan’s circle. Josephusmentions nothing of the creation of an Ethiopian/Yemeni Israelite rival dynasty. Nevertheless, like the disappearance of the Ark and Zadokite priesthood, the facts were probably well known but suppressed. 12. Thomas O. Lambdin, Introduction to Classical Ethiopic (Ge’ez), Harvard Semitic Studies, No. 24, (Scholars Press 1978), 3. 13. The Prophet Jethro was priest leader of the Kenites, reputedly descended from Adam and Eve through their son Cain. The Kenites were itinerant blacksmiths who worshipped Yahweh and formed part of the nomadic Midianites, who claimed kinship with the Israelites through Keturah, Abraham’s second wife, and introduced the Israelites to circumcision. Moses told the Hebrew that the Kenite deity Yahweh was the True God they had forgotten. Many Kenites were later absorbed into the tribe of Judah, but others refused. One group in the 9 th century B.C.E. was the Rechabites, who violently opposed Ba’al, refused to touch wine or engage in agriculture, believing nomadism a religious duty. CHAPTER SEVEN 1. Maxime Rodinson, “Sur eth. tabot, ar. tabut, et les noms semitiques de l’ Arche.” (Concerning the Ethiopic word tabot and the Arabic word tabut, and the Semitic name for the Ark), Groupe Linguistiqued’Études Chamito-Sémitiques IX (1962): 64-68. 2. Today the Agaw (or Central Cushitic) languages, according to David Appleyard, are confined to four groups in isolated
QUEEN OF SHEBA AND BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP 197 pockets surrounded by Ethiopian and Eritrean Semitic languages. In the 1994 census 1,625 of 172,291 Qemant spoke Qemanteney. Qwarenya, the former language of the Beta Israel, is closely related to Qemanteney. Awgi (in Gojjam south of Lake Tana) and Bilen in Eritrea around Keren, still thrive. Khamtanga appears to belong to another branch of Agaw. 3. New York Times May 9, 1999 “Group in Africa has Jewish Roots, DNA Indicates.” Report concerning research undertaken by Dr. Karl Skorecki, Dr. Michael Hammer, Neil Bradman, David B. Goldstein and others on Y chromosomes. 4. Tudor Parfitt, Journey to the Vanished City: the Search for a Lost Tribe of Israel. London: Hodder and Stroughton, 1992. 5. Joseph Briant, L’hebreu à Madagascar. (The Hebrew in Madagascar) [Antananarivo, Malagasy Republic], 1946. 6. Edward Ullendorf, Ethiopia and the Bible. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1968), 117. 7. Frederick C. Gamst, The Qemant, A Pagan-Hebraic Peasantry of Ethiopia. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), and subsequent postings on the internet. 8. Nicholas Jubber The Prester Quest (New York: Doubleday, 2005) In A.D. 1165 the Byzantine emperor, Manuel Comnenus, received a letter from a Christian monarch ruling a paradise on the far side of the encircling Islamic world. A copy reached Pope Alexander III, who instructed a monk named Phillip to contact him. Phillip never returned and the letter has been described as a brilliant hoax pandering to the foibles of the medieval European mind. 9. Kay Kaufman Shelemay, Music, Ritual and Falasha history. (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1986).
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Queen of Sheba and Biblical Scholar
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QUEEN OF SHEBA AND BIBLICAL SCHOLAR
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CHAPTER ONE Sheba, Zionism, and the
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CHAPTER TWO The Search for Evidence
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CHAPTER THREE Writing the Old Testa
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CHAPTER SIX Western Arabia and the
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MAP 8 Arabic Dialects of Western Ar
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Sheba

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