Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY

Synergy User Manual and Tutorial
1950, which used a mechanical memory, similar to that in the Z1, and had 32-bit words.
By 1955, this machine had the added abilities to call subprograms, through a secondary
punch tape reader, and use a conditional branch instruction.
In 1942, Zuse built the S1, a special purpose computer to measure the wing surface area
of airplanes, with 600 relays and 12-bit binary words. This machine was destroyed in
1944. Zuse improved this model with the construction of the S2. This machine used
approximately 100 clock gauges to automatically scan the surface of wings. This
computer was most likely the first machine to use the concept of a process. It was
destroyed in 1945. In 1949, he founded Zuse KG, Germany’s first computer company.
In 1952, Zuse KG constructed the Z5 for optical calculations, an improved version of the
Z4, which was about six times faster. It had many punch card readers for data and
program input, a punch card writer to output data and could handle 32-bit floating-point
numbers. In 1957, Zuse KG constructed the Z22 that contained an 8192-word magnetic
drum and was the first stored program computer. In 1961, Zuse KG built the Z23, which
was based on the same logic as and three times faster than the Z22, and was the first
transistor-based computer. In 1965, his company produced the Z43, which was the first
modern transistor computer to use TTL logic. The TTL (transistor-transistor-logic) type
digital integrated circuit (IC) uses transistor switches for logical operations. In 1956,
Siemens AG purchased Zuse KG. xv
In 1937, Howard Aiken (1900 - 1973) proposed a machine that could perform four
fundamental operations of arithmetic, addition, subtraction, multiplication and division,
in a predetermined order to Harvard University, which was forwarded to IBM. His
research had led to a system of differential equations that could only be solved using a
prohibitive amount of calculations using numerical techniques and which had no exact
solutions. His report stated:
“... whereas accounting machines handle only positive
numbers, scientific machines must be able to handle negative
ones as well; that scientific machines must be able to handle
such functions as logarithms, sines, cosines and a whole lot of
other functions; the computer would be most useful for
scientists if, once it was set in motion, it would work through
the problem frequently for numerous numerical values without
intervention until the calculation was finished; and that the
machine should compute lines instead of columns, which is
more in keeping with the sequence of mathematical events.”
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