Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY

Synergy User Manual and Tutorial
a user only need remember the machines domain name, such as “thismachine.net”. By
1982, commercial e-mail service was available in 25 cities and the term “Internet” was
designated to mean a “connected set of computer networks”. In 1983, the complete
change to TCP/IP created a truly global “Internet”.
National Science Foundation (NSF) became involved in ARPANET in the mid 1980’s.
In 1986, the NSFNet Backbone was started to connect and provide access to
supercomputers. In the late 1980’s, the Department of Defense stopped funding for
ARPANET and the NSF assumed responsibility for long-haul connectivity in 1989. The
first Internet Service Providers (ISP) companies also appeared, servicing regional
research networks and providing access to email Usenet News for the public. The NSF
initiated the connection of regional TCP/IP networks and the Internet began to emerge.
In the 1990’s, commercial activity was allowed and the Internet grew rapidly.
Eventually, this commercial activity created competition and commercial regional
providers, called Network Access Points (NAP’s) took over backbones and
interconnections, causing NSFNet to be dropped and the removal of all existing
commercial restrictions.
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee invented the Uniform
Resource Locator (URL) and Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML), which were inspired by Vannevar
Bush's "memex". The URL provides a simple way to
find specific documents on the Internet by using the
name of the machine, the name of the document file
and the protocol to obtain and display the file. HTML
is a method to set the format a document by
embedding codes, which can also be used to designate
hypertext—text that can be “clicked” on with a mouse
pointer to cause some action or to retrieve another
document. Eventually it was possible to place
graphics and sound in documents, which started the
World Wide Web (WWW), and many of the services
that are now available on the Internet. By 1997, 150
countries and 15 million host computers were
connected to the Internet, and 50 million people were using the World Wide Web. By
1990, approximately 9 million people will send over 2.3 billion e-mail messages. xxxi
In 1958, the ALGOrithmic Language (ALGOL) 58 high-level scientific programming
language was formalized. It was designed to be a universal language by an international
committee. It was the first attempt at software portability to provide a machine
independent implementation. ALGOL is considered to be an important language because
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