Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY

Synergy User Manual and Tutorial
1967, which included a time-sharing scheme using smaller computers to facilitate
communication between larger machines as suggested by Wesley Clark. An updated
plan was completed in 1968, which included packet switching. The contract to construct
the network was awarded to Bolt, Beranek and Newman in early 1969. The first
connected network consisted of four nodes between UCLA, the Stanford Research
Institute, UCSB, and University of Utah. It was completed in December 1969. The
ARPANET was the world’s first operational packet switched network. Packet switching
was a new concept that allowed more than one machine to access one channel to
communicate with other machines. Previously these channels were switched and only
allowed one machine to communicate with one other machine at a time. By 1973, the
University College of London in England and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway
connect to the ARPANET, making it an international network.
With the advent of computer internetworking came new innovations to facilitate
communication between machines. One innovation formulated by Robert Kahn and Vint
Cerf was to make host computers responsible for reliability, instead of the network as
was done in the initial ARPANET. This minimized the role of the network, which made
it possible to connect networks and machines with different characteristics and, made the
development of the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)—to check, track and correct
transmission errors and the Internet Protocol (IP)—to manage packet switching. The
TCP/IP suite is arranged as a layered set of protocols, called the TCP/IP Stack, which
defines each layers responsibilities in the connectionless transmission of data and
interfaces that allow the passing of data between each layer. Because the interfaces
between each layer are standardized and well defined, development of hardware and
software is possible for different purposes, and from different architectures. The TCP/IP
protocols replaced the Network Control Protocol (NCP), the original ARPANET
protocol, and the military part of ARPANET was separated, forming MILNET, in 1983.
The initial network restricted commercial activities because it was government funded.
In the early 1970’s, message exchanges that were initially available on mainframe
systems became available across wide area networks. In 1972, Ray Tomlinson
introduced the “name@computer” addressing scheme to simplify e-mail messaging,
which is still in use today. In 1972, the Telnet standard for terminal emulation over
TCP/IP networks, which allows users to log onto a remote computer, was introduced. It
enables users to enter commands on offsite computers, executing the as if they were
using the remote systems own console. In 1973, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) was
developed to facilitate the long-distance transfer of files across computer networks. The
Unix User Network (Usenet) was created in 1979 to facilitate the posting and sharing of
messages, called “articles”, to network distributed bulletin boards, called “newsgroups”.
In the mid 1980’s the Domain Name System used Domain Name Servers to simplify
machine identification. Instead of using a machines IP address, such as “10.192.20.128”,
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