Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY
Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY
Synergy User Manual and Tutorial. - THE CORE MEMORY
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<strong>Synergy</strong> <strong>User</strong> <strong>Manual</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Tutorial</strong><br />
“The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the<br />
‘imitation game.’ It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), <strong>and</strong> an<br />
interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart from<br />
the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the<br />
other two is the man <strong>and</strong> which is the woman. He knows them by labels X <strong>and</strong> Y, <strong>and</strong> at<br />
the end of the game he says either "X is A <strong>and</strong> Y is B" or "X is B <strong>and</strong> Y is A." The<br />
interrogator is allowed to put questions to A <strong>and</strong> B.”<br />
The idea in the Turing Test is that the interrogator (C) is actually communicating with<br />
human (A), a machine (B). The interrogator asks the two c<strong>and</strong>idates questions to decide<br />
their identities, as above with the man <strong>and</strong> woman. In order to prove that it’s program is<br />
intelligent, the machine must fool the interrogator into choosing it as the human. xix<br />
Between 1937 <strong>and</strong><br />
1938, John<br />
Vincent Atanasoff<br />
(far left) <strong>and</strong><br />
Clifford Berry<br />
devised the<br />
principals for the<br />
ABC machine<br />
(right), an<br />
electronic-digital<br />
machine that<br />
would lead to<br />
advances in digital computing machines. This nonprogrammable<br />
binary machine’s construction began in 1941<br />
but was stopped in 1942 due to World War II before<br />
becoming operational. This machine employed capacitors to<br />
store electrical charge that could correspond to numbers in<br />
the form of logical 0’s <strong>and</strong> 1’s. This was the first machine to<br />
demonstrate electronic techniques in calculation <strong>and</strong> to use<br />
regenerative memory. It contained 300 vacuum tubes in its<br />
arithmetic unit <strong>and</strong> 300 more in its control unit. The capacitors were affixed inside of 12-<br />
inch tall by 8-inch diameter rotating Bakelite (a thermosetting plastic) cylinders (shown<br />
below) with metal contact b<strong>and</strong>s on their outer surface. Each cylinder contained 1500<br />
capacitors <strong>and</strong> could store 30 binary numbers, 50 bits in length, which could be read from<br />
or written to the metal b<strong>and</strong>s of the rotating cylinder. The input data was loaded on<br />
punched cards. Intermediate data was also stored on punched cards by burning small<br />
spots onto the cards with electric sparks, which could be re-read by the computer at some<br />
26
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