force-multiplier

A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier
Stability, and U.S. Extended Deterrence, ed. Ashley J. Tellis and Travis Tanner), 60–125 (Seattle: National
Bureau of Asian Research, 2012).
2
OSD, China Military Report 2011.
3
Robert Hewson, “Dragon’s Teeth—Chinese Missiles Raise Their Game,” Jane’s Navy International 112,
no. 1 (January 2007), 19–23.
4
Murray explains that “The evidence for this important shift is admittedly circumstantial, but is fully
coherent with the technology available to China; with the ASUW mission expected of PLAN tactical submarines;
with the mode of ASUW adopted by the PLA surface navy, air forces and Second Artillery Corps; and
with the relatively low amount of at-sea training conducted by Beijing’s submarines.” See Murray, China’s
Undersea Warfare.
5
China began to deploy air-launched CM (YJ-6-Eagle Strike, also C-601) in 1987 to the air wing of the
PLAN. See Li Ziyu, “On the Development of China’s Air-to-Ship Missiles,” 21; Lin Changsheng, Modern
Weapons and Equipment of the People’s Liberation Army, 191.
6
Feng Huo [ 峰 火 ], “Survey of Global Ship-Borne Cruise Missiles” [ 海 基 巡 航 导 弹 大 扫 描 ], Modern Ships
[ 现 代 舰 船 ] (April 2007), 36–39.
7
“CSS-N-4 ‘Sardine’ (YJ-8/C-801); CSS-N-6 (YJ-83/C-802/Noor); YJ-62/C-602; YJ-82; CY-1,” Jane’s Naval
Weapon Systems (August 13, 2012).
8
“C-701 (Kosar 1/3)/C-701AR (Zafar),” Jane’s Naval Weapon Systems (May 2012); Xie Huiqing [ 谢 慧 清 ],
“Chinese C-series Antiship Missiles under Rapid Development” [ 快 速 发 展 中 的 中 国 C 字 反 舰 导 弹 ], Shipborne
Weapons [ 舰 载 武 器 ] (January 2008), 35–39; Xu Tong [ 许 彤 ], “China’s C-701 Small-Sized Multi-Purpose
Cruise Missile” [ 中 国 的 C-701 小 型 多 用 途 飞 航 导 弹 ], Aerospace China [ 中 国 航 天 ] (September 1999), 42–44.
9
Unless otherwise specified, data in this paragraph is derived from Jane’s, “CSS-N-4 ‘Sardine.’”
10
For photographs and a guide to the YJ-8 variants, see Christopher P. Carlson, “China’s Eagle Strike—
Eight Anti-Ship Cruise Missiles, Parts 1, 2, and 3,” (Washington, DC: Defense Media Network, February 4,
2013). Note that Carlson believes the PLA never deployed the C-802 and went straight to the 180 km variant,
which he calls the YJ-83.
11
OSD, China Military Report 2011; OSD, China Military Report 2010, 3; see also “First Publicly-Released
Photo of the YJ-82 Submarine-Launched Missile,” China Defense Blog, available at .
12
Unless otherwise specified, data in this paragraph is derived from Jane’s, “CSS-N-4 ‘Sardine.’”
13
Ibid.
14
Yao Shaofu and Liu Qingmei [ 姚 绍 福 , 刘 庆 楣 ], “China’s C-802 Land AntiShip Missile System”
[ 中 国 的 C-802 岸 舰 导 弹 武 器 系 统 ], Aerospace China [ 中 国 航 天 ] (July 1991), 39–42; Fang Zhang [ 方
丈 ], “The Chinese Navy’s C-801, C-802 Multi-purpose AntiShip Missiles” [ 中 国 海 军 C801, C802 多 用
途 反 舰 导 弹 ], World Aerospace and Space Survey [ 世 界 航 空 航 天 博 览 ] (December 2003), 58–59; “The
C-802 Makes a Surprise Attack on the ‘Hanit’” [C-802 袭 击 ‘ 哈 尼 特 ’], Naval & Merchant Ships [ 舰 船 知
识 ] (August 2008), 37–39.
15
Unless otherwise specified, data in this paragraph is derived from Jane’s, “CSS-N-4 ‘Sardine.’”
16
According to Jane’s, “A version of this weapon has been developed by Iran with Chinese assistance
as the Tondar (CSSC-8) coast-defence missile. The Iranians claimed to have deployed an improved, locally-made
version of this weapon, Noor, for ship use in October 2000. They claimed the weapon to have a range
of 108 n miles (200 km). Three Noor missiles (or C-802) were launched from land by Hezbollah forces on 14
July 2006. One detonated upon launch, the second damaged the Israeli corvette INS Hanit, exploding upon
hitting a guardrail, and the other missed the frigate and . . . sank a merchantman some 32 n miles (60 km)
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