force-multiplier

A Low-Visibility Force Multiplier
23
Scott Bray, “Seapower Questions on the Chinese Submarine Force,” position paper, December 20, 2006,
available at .
24
O’Rourke.
25
“Jiangwei I (Type 053 H2G) class,” Jane’s Fighting Ships, September 9, 2009.
26
“Jiangwei II (Type 053H3) class,” Jane’s Fighting Ships, September 9, 2009.
27
“Jiangkai I (Type 054) class,” Jane’s Fighting Ships, September 9, 2009.
28
“Jiangkai II (Type 054A) class,” Jane’s Fighting Ships, August 7, 2009.
29
Nan Li, “All at Sea: China’s Navy Develops Fast Attack Craft,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, September
2009, 2–3.
30
ONI, The People’s Liberation Army Navy, 20.
31
It would not be possible to use wake-homing torpedoes against Houbei catamarans. They do not go fast enough
and lack the endurance to catch up with the Houbei if it is at speed. It also is unclear if the Houbei has sufficient displacement
to satisfy whatever arming criteria a wake homer has. In any case, the United States does not have them.
32
Editorial, Ordnance Knowledge [ 兵 器 知 识 ] (February 2002), 2–3.
33
On swarming tactics, see John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Swarming and the Future of Conflict (Santa
Monica, CA: RAND, 2000), available at .
34
OSD, China Military Report 2012, 31.
35
Eric Wertheim, “Finding the Right Mix—China,” U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings 132, no. 3 (March
2006), 56–58.
36
OSD, China Military Report 2013, 14–15.
37
OSD, China Military Report 2011, 4.
38
Chi Gang and Wang Shuzong [ 迟 刚 , 王 树 宗 ], Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan [ 海 军 工 程 大
学 武 汉 ], “Research of the Operational Effectiveness of Submarine-Launched Cruise Missiles” [ 潜 射 巡 航 导
弹 作 战 效 能 研 究 ], Aerospace Control [ 航 天 控 制 ] 22, no. 2 (April 2004), 42–45.
39
See “The Klub Family/Klub S Klub N/(91RE2; 91RE1; SS-N-27B (3M54TE; 3M54E); SS-N-30B (3M14TE;
3M14E))/Klub K,” Jane’s Naval Weapons Systems, October 10, 2012; and Carlo Kopp, “Precision Guided
Munitions in the Region,” Air Power Australia, August 2009, available at .
Direct quotation from Murray.
40
“Kilo class (Project 877EKM/636),” Jane’s Fighting Ships, September 9, 2009.
41
OSD, China Military Report 2011, 4.
42
Ibid.
43
OSD, China Military Report 2010, 29.
44
Murray.
45
O’Rourke, 8, 10. This figure could increase as information emerges concerning dates of commissioning
for the 093 SSN and 094 SSBN.
46
Jim Yardley and Thom Shanker, “Chinese Navy Buildup Gives Pentagon New Worries,” The New York
Times, April 8, 2005.
47
OSD, China Military Report 2012, 31.
48
“Type 039 (Song class),” Jane’s Underwater Warfare Systems, November 11, 2009.
49
“Yuan class (Type 041),” Jane’s Fighting Ships, February 12, 2013.
50
“Yuan class (Type 041),” Jane’s Fighting Ships, September 9, 2009.
51
“Shang class (Type 093)”; ibid.
52
Wu Kai [ 吴 锴 ], “An Interview with Huang Xuhua: SSN Design Philosophy” [ 攻 击 型 核 潜 艇 的 计 划
思 想 — 再 访 黄 旭 华 院 士 ], Ordnance Knowledge [ 兵 器 知 识 ] (June 2000), 23.
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