KRONFELD ON GLIDING AND SOARING.pdf - Lakes Gliding Club

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THE SOARING COURSE 183 nearer to it before beginning your turn, then steer with ailerons and rudder in the same direction, fly steadily onward, and wait patiently till the machine carries you round ! " The wind has changed ; we move to another slope, and once more I demonstrate. When I land, a pupil asks: " Why do you sometimes begin your turn at a certain spot, while at others you start it much sooner, almost in the middle of the slope ? " " You must all have noticed that a good machine has a tendency to luff, that is, to turn of itself towards strong gusts of wind. When you are flying on a slope, you continually feel the gusts that play about it turning the plane into the wind and away from the slope as they rise. Now every gust brings with it a stronger upwind, and it would be foolish and useless to try to force the plane out of this upward current. The machine itself shows us quite plainly where the most favourable upwinds lie, though when the gusts are too weak we ignore such hints. But if the tendency to turn is very strong, then it is advisable to take advantage of the gusts and carry out the curve which has already been initiated by the luffing. And this is the way to maintain ourselves the longest possible time in a strong up wind." Once more the word of command rings out. " Pull out! . . . Run ! . . . Let go ! " But this time something goes wrong at the very beginning. As soon as the plane reaches the upwind field and begins to climb, we see that the pilot is nervous. He presses very suddenly. The upward current lifts him again ; then comes an upward gust which could enable him to climb, but he pushes once more, and is soon compelled to land. " I was always afraid of over-pulling when I climbed/' says the pupil later. " It is most important that you should learn to discriminate between the short climbs when we pull and those which are necessary for soaring. Climbing by pulling is impossible unless some outside force helps the machine to rise. We only climb as long as the machine is under way, but it soon comes to a standstill. Only in motor-flying where
184 KRONFELD ON GLIDING & SOARING a powerful engine supplies continuous force, can we climb by pulling the machine high. The correct climb in soaring is that by which the plane rises parallel to itself. The longitudinal axis of the machine lies always in the position for normal flying ; i.e., horizontally ; moreover, when we are climbing the horizon will always lie at the same height before us. When this is the case we may rise in the upwind by spurts of from twenty to thirty yards or more at once without danger of over-pulling. But sometimes in very violent squalls the machine gains great speed, in which case we may pull a bit and so transform the kinetic force into height." At last there comes a candidate whose work is perfect. He starts, makes good use of his starting impetus and flies correctly. We see how the plane begins to climb at once, how the turns are carried out, calmly and methodically, in the right places. As in all exhibitions of good soaring, we gain the impression that this flight might go on for ever. And the plane rises steadily all the time. By the movements of the steering surfaces we see how gusty it must be immediately above the slope. That is, of course, only natural, for every inequality of the ground throws up gusts. The higher the plane climbs, the steadier it becomes until at last it reaches the perfectly still stratum of air in which it can float onward quite easily. We see plainly that this pilot possesses fine flying or air sense. He keeps his machine constantly in the best upwinds ; directly after starting he was somewhat in front of the slope, but when he had climbed enough he flew over its upper edge and now, having risen very high, he follows the course of the upwind, and the higher he climbs, the farther he returns behind the slope. So he easily flies his five minutes and passes his Soaring Pilot's Examination. His comrades below shout up to him delightedly, and he waves back to them from above. He has understood, but he still continues to soar until, with a flying time of from ten to fifteen minutes his " C " test has become a brilliant affair. But landing causes him some difficulty ; never before had he landed high up at the starting place. He has to
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A SorvKXiu OF Tin: ATTIIOK'S VISITS
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Made and Printed in Great Britain b
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vi CONTENTS page A RECORD FLIGHT AB
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viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plat
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x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plate f
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xii LIST OF DIAGRAMS CURRENTS ON HI
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xiv FOREWORD cross-country flight f
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THE STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 3 "
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1. AN EVENING FLIGHT OVER THE DUNES
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 5 t
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 7 i
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 9 a
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT n t
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 13
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 15
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TllE "t'lIAKLOTTE," A TAILLESS SOAK
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT THE l
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 19 mu
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 21 A
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 23 de
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER FEW of the t
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6. OTTO LILIENTHAL, THE "FATHER OF
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 27 work in a
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 29 a hill of
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 31 Not only
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS IN the history of
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S. OTTO LII.IEXTIIAL'S LAST MACHINE
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 35 The developmen
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 37 his advanced a
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 39 to perform suc
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THE WRIGHTS 41 The Wrights calculat
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THE WRIGHTS 43 the brothers made st
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES OTHER men wer
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10. A VIEW OF THE WORKSHOP OF ETRU'
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 47 only succe
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 49 to unfores
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 51 would neve
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 53 he went to
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12. THE MACHINE BUILT BY KLEMPERER
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TEN YEARS OF COMPETITION & EXPERIEN
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RECORDS 63 succeeded in flying to w
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RECORDS 65 exactly along what lines
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RECORDS 67 and their records. Altho
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RECORDS 69 This feat of endurance w
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15. THE " ESPENLAUB 5 " IN FLIGHT.
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THE LEAN YEARS 71 In the year 1923,
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THE LEAN YEARS 73 interesting on ac
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^ ?%Vif o ItiJV .J
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THE LEAN YEARS 75 thirteen miles, w
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THE LEAN YEARS 77 to be carried out
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING IN
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flights suggested by Professor Geor
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19. THE FAMOUS AIRCRAFT DESKJXEK, F
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING 83
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22. NEHRING, A VERITABLE MASTER IN
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING sti
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 91 The most im
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 93 From time t
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','4 THE "HAPACE." A FRENCH SOAKER
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 95 of an appro
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THE FIRST SIXTY-MILE SOARING FLIGHT
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4 4 At THE AUTHOR'S HKTTRX FROM HIS
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FIRST SIXTY-MILE SOARING FLIGHT 99
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,'30. THE " RnoxfiEisT " (SPIRIT OF
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1,500 0 L-. Facing page 1U4 32. KRO
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 107 and thirt
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 109 five hund
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT flying machin
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 113 me in the
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 115 at the be
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 117 another b
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 119 feet per
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 121 my though
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 123 living ar
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 125 want to w
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 127 near to u
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 129 three tho
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN I MY RIDE WI
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 133 violentl
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THE PILOT'S SEAT IN THE " WIEN Faci
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 135 Gotha. I
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 137 to funct
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 139 place. T
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 141 unknown
Page 190 and 191: SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 143 possibil
Page 192 and 193: SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 145 IV SOARI
Page 194 and 195: SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 147 mingling
Page 196 and 197: THE GLIDING AND SOARING SCHOOL 149
Page 198 and 199: NORMAL. FLI&HT! HOW TO STEER -.., F
Page 204 and 205: HE TURNS TO THE RIGHT* HOW TO STEER
Page 214 and 215: 44. STALLING : THE MOST DANGEROUS F
Page 220 and 221: CLIMBING PLIGHT OP A MOTOR PLANE. T
Page 224 and 225: ON THE WAY TO THE "B" TEST 169 " Th
Page 226 and 227: ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 171 gi
Page 228 and 229: ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 173 Th
Page 230 and 231: ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 175 yo
Page 232 and 233: ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 177 Gr
Page 234 and 235: THE SOARING COURSE 179 " Must we pu
Page 236 and 237: THE SOARING COURSE 181 of eight can
Page 238 and 239: THE ORDINARY CURVE NECESSARY FOR TH
Page 242 and 243: THE SOARING COURSE 185 make several
Page 244 and 245: 6O° 50. Facing page 186 AXIS OF= I
Page 246 and 247: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS THE flight
Page 248 and 249: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 189 distan
Page 250 and 251: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 191 down,
Page 252 and 253: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 193 both p
Page 254 and 255: a. KROMFHLD Facing page 1 LANDING,
Page 256 and 257: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 195 lightl
Page 258 and 259: HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 197 accomp
Page 260 and 261: facing page TTIE PARALLELOGRAM OF V
Page 262 and 263: LONG DISTANCE SOARING 199 When vari
Page 264 and 265: LONG DISTANCE SOARING 201 many long
Page 266 and 267: LONG DISTANCE SOARING 203 planned f
Page 268 and 269: LONG DISTANCE SOARING 205 extremely
Page 270 and 271: LONG DISTANCE SOARING 207 The habit
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Page 274 and 275: CLOUD AND THUNDERSTORM SOARING 211
Page 278 and 279: 12,000 9,000 I 6,000 3,000 ATTEMPT
Page 282: 6300 ,•5600 Q£JUD UPWIND SLOPE U
Page 285 and 286: 2i8 KRONFELD ON GLIDING & SOARING F
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CLOUD AND THUNDERSTORM SOARING 221
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING THE metho
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 229 to oc
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tc c t Ci c t- c r th— C/- H K" V
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 231 from
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 233 examp
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62. ESPENLAUB'S GLIDER THAT WAS TOW
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 235 to th
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 237 mater
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 239 weigh
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 241 allow
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 243 exerc
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 245 the h
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64. NORMAL AUTO TOWEU START Facing
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 247 may b
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 249 While
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GO, A STATIONARY MOTOR-WINDLASS Fac
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 251 down
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THE CONSTRUCTION OF GLIDING AND SOA
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68. TURNS IN AX AEROPLANE START. IF
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 255 most
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 257 a da
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71. A "ZOGLING" IN THE AIR. NOTE TH
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 259 ing
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 261 soar
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74. THE ELEVATOR. (The Darmstadt Ac
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 263 kind
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 265 even
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 267
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 269 taki
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 273 This
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 275 *^ r
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 277 O tf
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78. THE " RIIOXADLER," A DOUBLE-SEA
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 279 a &
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 281 open
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81. THE TRIPARTITE. ONE-SPARRED WIN
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COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WELL- KNOWN SA
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GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 289 in o
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 291 01 Hfc
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 293 All of
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 295 dust,
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 297 high e
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 299 We hav
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 301 past e
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THE TWO FRONTS AND THE WARM SECTION
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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 305 There
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THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 307 pr
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THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 309 Th
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THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 311 No
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THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 313 th
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THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 315 is
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THE PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING THROUGH
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83. THE " FAFNIR " FLOWN BY GUNTKR
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 319 as well
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 321 This pe
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 323 Wasserk
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 325 Hurttig
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8/5. TIIK U.F.I). DAGLING. A PRIMAR
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 327 August
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 329 gliding
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 331 thermal
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 333 in view
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 335 permitt
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 337 perform
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 339 In seve
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT THE Engl
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87. THE R.F.D. SAILPLANE. Span 14.G
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 343 in t
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 345 but
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Fttc!>'.g page 31G />// . / cuiirtc
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 347 see
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS OVER LONDON 349
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS OVER LONDON 351
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 353 T
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91. UKKR KHOXFELD'S u AUSTRIA " AT
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 355 t
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 357 m
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 359
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 361 t
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 363 a
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 365 c
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 367 e
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 369
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 371 o
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 373 T
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 375 b
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 377 P
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 379 p
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KRONFELD ON GLIDING AND SOARING.pdf - Lakes Gliding Club

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