KRONFELD ON GLIDING AND SOARING.pdf - Lakes Gliding Club

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WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 293 All of which is, of course, not quite so clear and simple in reality as it appears in this example, but it is near enough for our purpose. The primary need of the soaring pilot is wind. This flows from the regions of high pressure to those of low pressure, but the obstacles on the earth's surface divert its even course. We can watch the formation of currents created in this way in the air by observing the water of any river with crooked banks. Even minute irregularities lead to the formation of little eddies, some of which remain whirling in one spot while others break away and wander CURRENTSIONfDETACHED ELEVATION COURSE OF CURRENTS MAINLY ROUND THE HILL, HENCE LITTLE UPWIND on with the stream. Such eddies in the air are formed above the earth's surface by woods, houses, hillocks and valleys, and thus there extends for a considerable height above the earth's surface a zone of irregular currents and billow-like fluctuations which we may call (to borrow a comparison from the ocean) the zone of atmospheric surf and breakers. If we observe the smoke rising from a factory chimney, we shall see it rolling along in waves, which often grow larger and larger until they resolve themselves into separate eddies. Very similar phases are to be observed in the cloud ocean ; these formations, which correspond
294 KRONFELD ON GLIDING & SOARING to the ocean's breakers, accommodate themselves to the currents. This zone of surf and breaker-like activity generally extends to a height varying from six thousand five hundred to ten thousand feet above the ground. When the wind encounters an obstacle, it has to give way. If a tower or a low hill rises from the plain, the wind's simplest way is to go round it. If, on the other hand, a long chain of hills crosses the wind's course, it must go CURRENTS ON HILLSIDE COURSE OF CURRENTS MAINLY OVER THE HILL, HENCE MUCH UPWIND over it. If we keep our eyes open, we can observe these natural phenomena every day and note all the various ways in which currents are formed. In a snowstorm there is generally a patch free from snow behind any isolated obstacle, showing the path of the wind around it. From the course of the snowflakes round the corners of houses, over roofs and past any obstacle, it is possible to acquire knowledge which can be put into immediate practice on a larger scale when soaring in the high mountains. In summer we may ascertain the direction of the breeze from
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A SorvKXiu OF Tin: ATTIIOK'S VISITS
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Made and Printed in Great Britain b
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vi CONTENTS page A RECORD FLIGHT AB
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viii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plat
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x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS No. Plate f
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xii LIST OF DIAGRAMS CURRENTS ON HI
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xiv FOREWORD cross-country flight f
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THE STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 3 "
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1. AN EVENING FLIGHT OVER THE DUNES
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 5 t
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 7 i
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 9 a
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT n t
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 13
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STORY OF MOTORLESS HUMAN FLIGHT 15
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TllE "t'lIAKLOTTE," A TAILLESS SOAK
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT THE l
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 19 mu
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 21 A
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THE HISTORY OF SOARING FLIGHT 23 de
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER FEW of the t
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6. OTTO LILIENTHAL, THE "FATHER OF
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 27 work in a
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 29 a hill of
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TIME BRINGS THE ANSWER 31 Not only
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS IN the history of
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S. OTTO LII.IEXTIIAL'S LAST MACHINE
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 35 The developmen
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 37 his advanced a
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SPEEDIER PROGRESS 39 to perform suc
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THE WRIGHTS 41 The Wrights calculat
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THE WRIGHTS 43 the brothers made st
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES OTHER men wer
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10. A VIEW OF THE WORKSHOP OF ETRU'
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 47 only succe
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 49 to unfores
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 51 would neve
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FAMOUS CONTEMPORARIES 53 he went to
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12. THE MACHINE BUILT BY KLEMPERER
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TEN YEARS OF COMPETITION & EXPERIEN
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RECORDS 63 succeeded in flying to w
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RECORDS 65 exactly along what lines
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RECORDS 67 and their records. Altho
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RECORDS 69 This feat of endurance w
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15. THE " ESPENLAUB 5 " IN FLIGHT.
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THE LEAN YEARS 71 In the year 1923,
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THE LEAN YEARS 73 interesting on ac
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^ ?%Vif o ItiJV .J
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THE LEAN YEARS 75 thirteen miles, w
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THE LEAN YEARS 77 to be carried out
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING IN
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flights suggested by Professor Geor
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19. THE FAMOUS AIRCRAFT DESKJXEK, F
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING 83
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22. NEHRING, A VERITABLE MASTER IN
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ON THE WAY TO SCIENTIFIC FLYING sti
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 91 The most im
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 93 From time t
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','4 THE "HAPACE." A FRENCH SOAKER
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OUR EFFORTS REWARDED 95 of an appro
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THE FIRST SIXTY-MILE SOARING FLIGHT
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4 4 At THE AUTHOR'S HKTTRX FROM HIS
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FIRST SIXTY-MILE SOARING FLIGHT 99
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,'30. THE " RnoxfiEisT " (SPIRIT OF
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1,500 0 L-. Facing page 1U4 32. KRO
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 107 and thirt
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 109 five hund
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT flying machin
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 113 me in the
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 115 at the be
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 117 another b
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 119 feet per
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 121 my though
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 123 living ar
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 125 want to w
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 127 near to u
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SOARING PILOTS REPORT 129 three tho
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN I MY RIDE WI
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 133 violentl
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THE PILOT'S SEAT IN THE " WIEN Faci
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 135 Gotha. I
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 137 to funct
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 139 place. T
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 141 unknown
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 143 possibil
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 145 IV SOARI
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SOME FLIGHTS OF MY OWN 147 mingling
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THE GLIDING AND SOARING SCHOOL 149
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NORMAL. FLI&HT! HOW TO STEER -.., F
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HE TURNS TO THE RIGHT* HOW TO STEER
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44. STALLING : THE MOST DANGEROUS F
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CLIMBING PLIGHT OP A MOTOR PLANE. T
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ON THE WAY TO THE "B" TEST 169 " Th
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ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 171 gi
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ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 173 Th
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ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 175 yo
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ON THE WAY TO THE " B " TEST 177 Gr
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THE SOARING COURSE 179 " Must we pu
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THE SOARING COURSE 181 of eight can
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THE ORDINARY CURVE NECESSARY FOR TH
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THE SOARING COURSE 183 nearer to it
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THE SOARING COURSE 185 make several
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6O° 50. Facing page 186 AXIS OF= I
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS THE flight
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 189 distan
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 191 down,
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 193 both p
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a. KROMFHLD Facing page 1 LANDING,
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 195 lightl
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HIGH PERFORMANCE FLIGHTS 197 accomp
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facing page TTIE PARALLELOGRAM OF V
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 199 When vari
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 201 many long
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 203 planned f
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 205 extremely
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 207 The habit
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LONG DISTANCE SOARING 209 Sundays.
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CLOUD AND THUNDERSTORM SOARING 211
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12,000 9,000 I 6,000 3,000 ATTEMPT
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6300 ,•5600 Q£JUD UPWIND SLOPE U
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2i8 KRONFELD ON GLIDING & SOARING F
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING THE metho
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 229 to oc
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tc c t Ci c t- c r th— C/- H K" V
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 231 from
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 233 examp
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62. ESPENLAUB'S GLIDER THAT WAS TOW
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 235 to th
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 237 mater
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 239 weigh
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 241 allow
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 243 exerc
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 245 the h
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64. NORMAL AUTO TOWEU START Facing
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 247 may b
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 249 While
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GO, A STATIONARY MOTOR-WINDLASS Fac
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AUTO AND AEROPLANE TOWING 251 down
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Page 338 and 339: 71. A "ZOGLING" IN THE AIR. NOTE TH
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Page 346 and 347: GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 263 kind
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Page 352 and 353: GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 269 taki
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Page 362 and 363: 78. THE " RIIOXADLER," A DOUBLE-SEA
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Page 372 and 373: 81. THE TRIPARTITE. ONE-SPARRED WIN
Page 374 and 375: COMPARATIVE SIZES OF WELL- KNOWN SA
Page 376 and 377: GLIDING AND SOARING PLANES 289 in o
Page 378 and 379: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 291 01 Hfc
Page 382 and 383: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 295 dust,
Page 384 and 385: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 297 high e
Page 386 and 387: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 299 We hav
Page 388 and 389: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 301 past e
Page 390 and 391: THE TWO FRONTS AND THE WARM SECTION
Page 392 and 393: WEATHER, WIND AND CLOUDS 305 There
Page 394 and 395: THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 307 pr
Page 396 and 397: THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 309 Th
Page 398 and 399: THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 311 No
Page 400 and 401: THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 313 th
Page 402 and 403: THE FUTURE OF SOARING FLIGHT 315 is
Page 404 and 405: THE PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING THROUGH
Page 406 and 407: 83. THE " FAFNIR " FLOWN BY GUNTKR
Page 408 and 409: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 319 as well
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Page 412 and 413: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 323 Wasserk
Page 414 and 415: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 325 Hurttig
Page 416 and 417: 8/5. TIIK U.F.I). DAGLING. A PRIMAR
Page 418 and 419: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 327 August
Page 420 and 421: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 329 gliding
Page 422 and 423: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 331 thermal
Page 424 and 425: PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 333 in view
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PROGRESS OF SAILPLANING 339 In seve
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT THE Engl
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87. THE R.F.D. SAILPLANE. Span 14.G
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 343 in t
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 345 but
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Fttc!>'.g page 31G />// . / cuiirtc
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THE ENGLISH CHANNEL FLIGHT 347 see
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS OVER LONDON 349
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS OVER LONDON 351
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 353 T
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91. UKKR KHOXFELD'S u AUSTRIA " AT
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 355 t
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 357 m
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 359
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 361 t
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 363 a
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 365 c
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 367 e
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 369
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 371 o
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 373 T
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 375 b
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 377 P
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MY SOARING FLIGHTS IN ENGLAND 379 p
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