GUIDELINES FOR THE CURATION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

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3.8.1.4. Repair 3.8.1.5. Binding The storage of large maps not fitting into available drawers must be given special attention and care. They may be folded once or even twice but not cross-folded since the map is likely to break at the cross fold. As with manuscripts, the fold should not be through anything of importance. Maps that have been folded should never be rolled. Maps that have always been rolled should usually be kept so, since flattening frequently causes them to crack at intervals. Large flat maps that cannot be folded should be rolled round the outside of a strong cardboard tube, covered by good quality paper, and then protected by an outer layer. Prints, of course, should never be folded. Specialist advice is obtainable from the British Museum, Department Prints and Drawings, or the India Office Library & Records Department. The repair of books, manuscripts, archives, maps, prints and drawings is something which cannot and should not be carried out without special knowledge, skill and training. When in doubt seek advice (see Preamble to C3.8). Geological collections commonly contain maps, so it is worth mentioning two points. Maps before 1850 (i.e. before the introduction of lithography) should be traditionally repaired and not laminated. Since most maps will be on acid paper they will need to be deacidified if they are to be preserved in the long term. This should be carried out using non-aqueous deacidifying agent, since the scale will be stretched if the map is wetted. Some basic principles of general repair are: As far as possible replace missing material with repair materials of the same kind, e.g. paper with paper, parchment with parchment. Leave the nature and extent of the repair unmistakably evident. Never do anything which cannot be undone without damage to the original material, e.g. do not use self-adhesive tapes on anything, because it is a non-reversible process and they are damaging to many materials. The following provide both interesting and useful information on repair work: B.S.I. BS 4971 1973; the journal 'Restaurator'; Plumbe (1964) and Cunha (1971) (in which see particularly p. 241 of Vol. I where Roger Ellis's '. . .principles of archive repairs. . .' are reproduced). For the binding of books see Horton (1969) and Middleton (1972). For other material, such as runs of journals etc., advice can be obtained from the major museums or the British Library or suitable binding firms such as Dunn and Wilson. 3.8.2. Photographic materials Photographic materials including netatives, various types of prints, transparencies and other forms of copy such as microfilms, fiche and photocopies, will all deteriorate with time and so present problems of storage and conservation. There is no clear official distinction between archival and non-archival materials so we recommend that the criterion of repeatability be applied. Thus special care should be taken of prints with no original negatives and also of negatives or transparencies of subjects no longer available for rephotography. It is good practice to make copy negatives of unique prints from which working prints can be made.
3.8.2.1. Storage The storage criteria for black and white safety film (including microfilm, silver-gelatin on cellulose or polyester base), have been defined by the American National' Standards Institute (1979) while the preservation of colour film and transparencies is covered by Eastman Kodak publications (1979, 1980). Spontaneously flammable materials like cellulose nitrate ('celluloid') film require special storage. See also Swann (1981). The following general points will help lower the rate of deterioration: avoid direct handling only use acid free materials and Japanese tissue for mounting and storage, store in the dark in clean, dry, non-polluted conditions, free from the fumes of paints, preservatives etc. maintain a temperature below 20°C and rh at levels between 30% and 50%, do not stack old prints. for long-term storage of colour transparencies maintain a temperature of 0°C and rh levels between 25% and 30%. avoid mounting transparencies between glass plates. 3.8.2.2. Film cleaners Proprietary film cleaners can damage some photographic materials, including transparencies, and should be used with the utmost care. Similarly a specialist photographic conservator should be used for any repair etc. to damaged old prints or negatives. Advice on the care of photographs is found in Collins & Young (1977), Collins (1983) and Weinstein & Booth (1977). Mircofilm and microfichelfiche storage procedures are described by manufacturers or suppliers and their instructions should be followed. In general, avoid touching surfaces other than by provided finger-grip and do not expose to intense light or chemicals. 3.8.2.3. Photocopying Photocopying has become a relatively inexpensive and simple method for collecting data from specimen labels, archival works, and even specimens. Several types of photocopy systems are in use, and most are not intended to give copy of permanent or even semi-permanent quality (see Swartzburg 1980 and Sung 1982). The durability of photocopies depends upon several factors, but two are of special importance. First the quality of the paper used in the copier (Atlantis Paper Co. produces an archival quality photocopy paper), secondly the proper functioning of the copier. Most modern copiers produce a relatively stable image; the wet-tone copiers (using a quick-drying 'ink') are perhaps better in this respect than the dry-tone copiers (e.g. Xerox) which must operate at high temperatures in order to fix the images. Theoretically, if quality acid-free paper is used and the copies are kept in suitable conditions for books, the copies should last very well - but there is no long term experience of this! Photocopies should be stored away from light and where feasible, should be freshly copied periodically.
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A . GUIDELINES FOR THE CURATION '-
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CONTENTS Part A INTRODUCTION ACQUI
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GUIDELINES FOR CURATION OF GEOLOGI
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involved at all stages of curation
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ACQUISITION: SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDA
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environomental (i.e. site) conserva
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PRIMARY ACQUISITION: COLLECTING AND
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clearly and indelibly labelled with
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2.1.3.2. Geochemistry 2.1.3.3. Geop
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2.2.1.3. Purchase 2.2.1.4. Exchange
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2.2.2.2. Private collectors This ca
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ACQUISITION DOCUMENTATION INTRODUCT
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DOCUMENTATION OF SPECIMENS DURING P
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Against the corresponding number in
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DOCUMENTATION GENERAL INTRODUCTION
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measurements, descriptions, photogr
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Fig. 3. Cataloguing a specimen usin
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Specimen Identity Numbers may be su
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ldentn Comment Object(s) OBJECT EXA
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Cooper (1982), Mayer (1974, 1976),
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its entitlement to retain a specime
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or otherwise borrowed. Those which
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must be that in which a specimen is
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must be used. An extendible numberi
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Multiple classifications and cross-
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itself the task of describing, figu
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4.4.1.2. Minerals 4.4.1.3. Rocks ne
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4.4.2. Identity and identification
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The MDA Geology Specimen Card allow
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4.4.2.6. Status A specimen acquires
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4.4.3.3. Colour Colour is a notorio
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Regis, Charmouth; for Whitby, Saltw
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Redundant or shifting countries and
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4.4.4.3. Collection This system, al
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at tracing the history and fate of
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Of immediate concern is the questio
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other information of significance m
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y documentation, development, techn
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The movement of a specimen is an ev
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When a specimen is replaced in its
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the nature of a specimen and within
Page 85 and 86: 5.4.2. The documentation of complex
Page 87 and 88: 6.1.1.2. conditions of loans a lett
Page 89 and 90: description of borrowed items (incl
Page 91 and 92: ecome separated from their accompan
Page 93 and 94: paragraphs above. It should be note
Page 95 and 96: 6.2.2.4. Outlineprocedure for dispo
Page 98 and 99: SPECIMEN PRESERVATION SUMMARY AND R
Page 100 and 101: 3.8.2. Photographic materials 3.8.
Page 102 and 103: Archives C3.8.1. The care and maint
Page 104 and 105: protection and specific treatments,
Page 106 and 107: field. The excavation of unstable f
Page 108 and 109: to storing the broken pieces unasse
Page 110 and 111: Borates. Most alter (dehydrate) to
Page 112 and 113: strength. Dental silicone moulding
Page 114 and 115: solution of the particular mineral.
Page 116 and 117: Fig. 11. Table of materials which m
Page 118 and 119: all exterior doors and windows requ
Page 120 and 121: locks of rock, for later laboratory
Page 122 and 123: Both the nature of the geological m
Page 124 and 125: ideal (e.g. BM(NH) London; Nat. Mus
Page 126 and 127: a considerable commitment from the
Page 128 and 129: of all of these specimens in the ev
Page 130 and 131: Stony meteorites should be doubly b
Page 132 and 133: obscure the sectioned material. By
Page 134 and 135: mould, fungi or bacteria, fluorish
Page 138: The National Reprographic Centre fo
Page 141 and 142: Museum safety OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS:
Page 143 and 144: gives regulations for the design an
Page 145 and 146: 2.1.1. Storage 2.1.2. Display While
Page 147 and 148: mineral is a minor constituent are
Page 149: appears to be the dimensions of the
Page 152 and 153: Secondary types Figured specimens C
Page 154 and 155: USES COLLECTIONS PREAMBLE In this P
Page 156 and 157: The criteria for selection of speci
Page 158 and 159: definition of a locality here is di
Page 160 and 161: museum on completion or abandonment
Page 162: Specimen-based publications Publish
Page 165 and 166: For details of palaeontological nom
Page 167 and 168: 2.4.5. Referred specimens When an a
Page 169 and 170: the visitor. Either way, it fails t
Page 171 and 172: methods but do remember the need fo
Page 173 and 174: EXHIEITIONTITLE "LOST WORLDS " UNIT
Page 175 and 176: REFERENCES AND APPENDICES
Page 177 and 178: REF 2 BRUNTON, C. H. C. 1980. The u
Page 179 and 180: REF 4 persons exposed to ionising
Page 181 and 182: REF 6 OBRUCHEV, D. V. 1964. Agnatha
Page 183 and 184: REF 8 TAYLOR, H. A. 1980. The arran
Page 185 and 186: APP 2 .Museum use. NB. These glues
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APP 4 Tufskin. Alfred Adams & Co. L
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APP 6 0 Silicones and thermosetting
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APP 8 BARBOLA MODELLING PASTE Alec
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APP 10 GAUZE, cotton (B.P.B. Absorb
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APP 12 PLASTONE self-hardening mode
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APP 14 SEPARATORS and RELEASE AGENT
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APP 16 STORAGE SHELVING Bruynzeel S
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APP 18 Road, Linlithgow Bridge, Lin
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APP 20 FERRY PICKERING BOXES LTD.,
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APP 20 FERRY PICKERING BOXES LTD.,
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FERRY PICKERING BOXES LTD., 53 Mead
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APP 22 MONEY HICKS LTD, 49 Clapham
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APP 24 SOLMEDIA LTD, 31 Orford Road
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APPENDIX 3 NATIONAL SCHEME FOR GEOL
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APP 29 a resource for internal use
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29. AVON, SOMERSET. GLOUCESTERSHIRE
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GUIDELINES FOR THE CURATION OF GEOLOGICAL MATERIALS

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