Sonnet User's Guide - Sonnet Software

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Sonnet User’s Guide Reference Plane Lengths at Multiples of a Half-Wavelength E eff and Z 0 cannot be calculated when the length of the reference plane or calibration standard is an integral multiple of a half wavelength. For example, at an extremely low frequency the electrical length of the reference plane or calibration standard may be a fraction of a degree (i.e., zero half-wavelengths). In this case, the analysis is unable to accurately evaluate the electrical length and, especially, the characteristic impedance. At some point as the length of the reference plane or calibration standard approaches a multiple of a half-wavelength, em is able to determine that the calculated values of E eff and Z 0 are becoming corrupt. When this occurs, em outputs the error message “undefined: nl” in place of the E eff and Z 0 values (see “De-embedding Error Codes” in Help). Note, however, that while em is unable to determine E eff and Z 0 , the de-embedded S-parameter results are still perfectly valid. Reference Plane Lengths Greater than One Wavelength If the length of the reference plane or calibration standard is more than one wavelength, incorrect E eff results might be seen. However, the S-parameters are still completely valid. Em’s calculation of E eff is based on phase length. If the reference plane or calibration standard is, say, 365 degrees long, em first calculates E eff based on a phase length of 5 degrees. However, em has some “smarts” built in. If a non-physical result is seen, em increases the calculated phase length by 360 degrees at a time until physical (i.e., E eff ≥ 1.0) results are obtained. This usually corrects the problem. Thus, it takes a particularly long reference plane or calibration standard before the E eff calculation fails. When it does fail, it suddenly jumps down to a value just above 1.0. Z 0 and the de-embedded S-parameter data still have full validity. This failure mode is rarely seen. Non-Physical S-Parameters Generally, reference planes should not be set in the project editor such that they extend beyond a discontinuity in the circuit. Doing so may result in non-physical S-parameters. 110
Chapter 8 De-embedding Guidelines To illustrate this problem, consider the circuit shown below. In this circuit, the reference planes do not extend beyond any discontinuities. When de-embedding is enabled, the port #1 discontinuity is removed along with a transmission line of width W1 and length L1. Similarly, the port #2 discontinuity is removed along with a transmission line of width W2 and length L2. The de-embedded result is a set of 2-port S-parameters for the block in the middle of the circuit. W1 L1 L2 W2 Now, consider the figure on page 112. This circuit is identical to the circuit shown above except that the length of the reference plane originating on the left box wall has been increased. If em is run with de-embedding enabled on this circuit, it “re- 111
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