Sonnet User's Guide - Sonnet Software

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<strong>Sonnet</strong> User’s <strong>Guide</strong> Background Since em is an analysis of 3-D planar circuits in a completely enclosing, shielding, rectangular box, the analysis of radiating structures is not an application which immediately comes to mind. However, em can be used to simulate infinite arrays using a waveguide simulator. In this technique, as shown in on page 275, a portion of the array is placed within a waveguide. The waveguide tube is vertical, connecting the radiating patches to the termination, which is a matched load. The images formed by the waveguide walls properly model the entire infinite array scanned to a specific angle. The waveguide simulator inspired what we now call the Open Waveguide Simulator Technique described in the next section. Modeling Infinite Arrays The sidewalls of the shielding box in the em analysis easily represent the sidewalls of the waveguide in the infinite array waveguide simulator. A side view is shown in the figure on page 275. Providing a termination for the end of the waveguide requires a little more thought. Any waveguide mode can be perfectly terminated by making the top cover resistivity in em equal to the waveguide mode impedance. This can be done in the project editor automatically at all frequencies and all modes by selecting “WG- LOAD” from the metals in the Top Metal drop list in the Box Settings dialog box. 274
Chapter 19 Antennas and Radiation Z TE η = ------------------------- f > f c f c 1 ⎛ ⎝ --- ⎞ 2 – f ⎠ Waveguide Walls Waveguide Termination f c Z TM = η 1 – ⎝ ⎛--- f ⎠ ⎞2 f> f c f c = v ----- c 2π mπ ------- ⎝ ⎛ A ⎠ ⎞ 2 + nπ ----- ⎝ ⎛ B ⎠ ⎞2 Array Patches Substrate The waveguide simulator for infinite arrays inspired the technique described here. In this side view, the waveguide walls form images of the array of microstrip patches, simulating an infinite array. v c is the velocity of light in the medium filling the waveguide. In a phased array with the array scanned to a specific direction, a single waveguide mode is generated. The em software can model the waveguide simulator of that infinite array just by setting the top cover impedance to the impedance of the excited waveguide mode. Modeling an Open Environment If we can use a closed (i.e., terminated) waveguide to model an infinite array, we can also model radiation from a finite array; although, it must be done under certain conditions. It is important to keep in mind that, unless the analysis is carefully prepared, these conditions are easily violated, yielding incorrect results. When the conditions are met, useful results can be obtained, as shall be demonstrated. 275
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