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CONCLUSIONS Several sorption topics were studied and considered by this research and here below, the main conclusions that were obtained from batch tests and column tests: For batch tests: 1. Rice husks, karab and corncobs are more effective to remove cadmium from synthetic waste water than activated carbon used in batch system. 2. Rice husks> karab> corncobs> PAC. 3. Optimum conditions for Cd (II) uptake capacity were pH of solution 5.5, for adsorbent dosage 1g adsorbent/100 ml of Cd (II), contact time 30min, initial concentration 125 mg/L and mixing (stirring) speed 100 rpm. 4. The Cd (II) uptake rate was not affected by particle size of adsorbents. 5. The equilibrium isotherm for the above systems is well represented by equations high correlation coefficient (0.927, 0.946, 0.92 and 0.9) for PAC, rice husks, karab and corncobs. 6. Rice husks can be used instead of activated carbon in wastewater treatment plant for the removal of Cd (II). 7. The multiple correlations simulated the experimental data in batch tests. The correlation coefficient for PAC, karab, rice husks and corncobs are: 0.984, 0.946, 0.951 and 0.932, respectively. For continuous tests: 1. The breakpoint was related to the flow rate and the bed depth, i.e., the time required to reach breakpoint decreases with the increases of flow rate and decreases of bed depth. 2. The sorption results obtained from column tests are better than those of batch one for both effluent concentrations and uptake capacities. Besides, treatment by column is most practical. REFERENCES [1.] Aksu, Z., Gönen, F. and Demircan, Z., (2002), "Biosorption of chromium (VI) ions by Mowital (R)B30H resin immobilized activated sludge in a packed bed: comparison with granular activated carbon", Process Biochem, 8,pp.175–186. [2.] Al- Ganabi, A.A.M , (1995) , "removal of pollutants from water by adsorption " , M.Sc Thesis University Of Baghdad [3.] Alloway, B. J. and Ayres, D. C., (1997),"Chemical principals of environmental pollution", Second Edition, Blackie Academic and Professional, London [4.] Al-Najar, J. A. A., (2009), “Removal of heavy metals by adsorption using activated carbon and kaolinite”, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Technology. [5.] Chong, K., H., and Volesky, B., (1995), "Metal biosorption equilibria in a attractive alternative for metal removal and recovery", Env. Sci, 61, pp 379. [6.] Desi, I., Nagymajtenyi, L. and Schulz, H. (1998),"Behavioural and neurotoxicological changes caused by cadmium treatment of rats during development". J. Appl. Toxicol., 18, pp. 63-70 [7.] Emani, P., Teresa, C. S., Maria, A. S., Oswaldo, K. and David, M. (2003), "Review heavy metal–induced oxidative stress in algae". Journal of Phycology, 39(6), pp. 1008-1011. [8.] Graaham, D., (1959), Eng. Prog. Symposium Series, Vol. 55, No. 24, pp.17.(Cited in Ref. Al-Ganabi). ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – Bulletin of Engineering [9.] Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., (2003), “Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse”, 4 th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing company limited, New Delhi. [10.] Said, A. G., (2010), “Biosorption of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solutions onto rice husk and its ash”, Journal of American science, Vol.6 (10), pp.143-150. [11.] Sayed, G. O., Dessouki, H. A., and Ibrahim, S.S., (2010), “Biosorption of Ni (II) and Cd (II) ions from aqueous solutions onto rice straw”, Chemical Science Journal, Vol., CSJ-9 [12.] Spiegel M. R., (1979), “Theory and problems of statistics in SI units”, 1 st Edition, McGraw-Hill. [13.] Sulaymon, H. A., Abdul-Hameed, H. M., (2010),"Competitive adsorption of cadmium lead and mercury ions onto activated carbon in batch adsorber", J. Int. Environmental Application & Science, 5 (4), pp. 491-513. [14.] Terry, P. A. and Stone, W., (2002), "Biosorption of cadmium and copper contaminated water by scenedesmus abundans", Chemosphere, 47, pp.249– 255. [15.] Tilaki , R. A. D., Mahvi, A. H., Shariat, M., and Nasseri, S., (2004), “Study of cadmium removal from environmental water by biofilm covered granular activated carbon”, Iranian J. Pupl. Health, Vol. 33, No.4, pp. 43-52. [16.] Volesky, B. and Naja, G., (2005), “Biosorption: Application Strategies”, www.biosorption.mcgill.ca. ACTA TECHNICA CORVINIENSIS – BULLETIN of ENGINEERING ISSN: 2067-3809 [CD-Rom, online] copyright © UNIVERSITY POLITEHNICA TIMISOARA, FACULTY OF ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA, 5, REVOLUTIEI, 331128, HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA http://acta.fih.upt.ro 138 2013. Fascicule 2 [April–June]
1. H.LAIB, 2. H. KOURA, 3. A. CHAGHI AN ADVANCED CONTROL APPROACH FOR MODULAR ACTIVE POWER FILTERING 1-3. LSPIE LABORATORY, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT, BATNA UNIVERSITY, ALGERIA ABSTRACT: In this paper, a new modular active power filtering approach is proposed to eliminate harmonic currents and compensate reactive power. The method for identifying reference currents is based on FMVs “multi-variable filter” .This method uses two (FMVs) having the advantage of extracting harmonic directly from the αβ axis, the first FMV (FMV Current) extracts the fundamental and individual harmonic component of the distorted line current signal and injects equal-but- opposite of each harmonic current into the line using a voltage source inverter VSI dedicated to that specific harmonic and the second FMV (FMV Voltage) estimates the fundamental component of the line voltage. Moreover the dc-side voltage is controlled by a fuzzy logic controller. The new approach has been illustrated in order to find the best way to reduce network harmonic currents and reactive power compensating of the connected load. All of the studies have been carried out through detail digital dynamic simulation using the MATLAB/Simulink Power System Toolbox. KEYWORDS: Modular active power filter, Fuzzy logic control, harmonics current compensation, multi-variable filter INTRODUCTION In recent years, the usage of modern electronic equipment is increasing rapidly. These appliances inject harmonic and reactive current into power system, thus contributing to degradation in the power quality. The shunt active power filter (APF) shows a strong vitality in eliminating harmonics and reactive power. The use of this solution (APFs) to mitigate harmonic problems and to compensate reactive power is dated back to the 1970s [1], [2], [3]. Since then, the theory and applications of APFs have drawn much attention. It injects equal-but-opposite current as well as absorbs or generates reactive power, thereby controlling the harmonics. The objective of this research is to develop an efficient and reliable modular active power filter system to realize a cost-effective solution to the harmonic problem. The proposed filter system consists of a number VSI module, each dedicated to filter a specific harmonic of choice. In this paper, a modular active power filtering with two FMVs: “multi-variable filter” to extracts the individual harmonic components of the distorted line current signal and to estimate the fundamental component of the line voltage is proposed in three phase three wire electrical distribution system, feeding non-linear loads. Analysis and simulation results show improved performance. THE PROPOSED MODULAR ACTIVE POWER FILTERS SYSTEM The basic blocks of the proposed modular active filter system connected to the electric distribution system are shown in Figure 1. The system consists of a number of tree-phase voltage-source inverter (VSI) modules connected in parallel for each phase. Each filter module is dedicated to suppress a chosen specific low-order harmonic. Figure 1. The proposed modular active power filters system The proposed active filter system uses two FMVs to process the signals obtained from the power line. The method is based on extraction of fundamental component and individual harmonics of a distorted current by one module of FMV (the current FMV) and the fundamental voltage by the other FMV (the voltage FMV). The output of the FMV current is used to generate the modulating signals for the VSI modules. The power rating of the modules will decrease and their switching frequency (bandwidth) will increase as the order of the harmonic to be filtered increases. As a result, the overall switching losses are reduced due to selected harmonic elimination and balanced © copyright FACULTY of ENGINEERING ‐ HUNEDOARA, ROMANIA 139
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