THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM

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[13] J. E. Augustin, A. M. Boyarski, M. Breidenbach, F. Bulos, J. T. Dakin, G. J. Feldman, G. E. Fischer, D. Fryberger, G. Hanson, B. Jean-Marie, R. R. Larsen, V. Luth, H. L. Lynch, D. Lyon, C. C. Morehouse, J. M. Paterson, M. L. Perl, B. Richter, P. Rapidis, R. F. Schwitters, W. M. Tanenbaum, and F. Vannucci. Discovery of a narrow resonance in e + e − annihilation. Phys. Rev. Lett., 33:1406–1408, 1974. [14] J. Baró, J. Sempau, J. M. Fernández-Varea, and F. Salvat. PENELOPE: An algorithm for Monte Carlo simulation of the penetration and energy loss of electrons and positrons in matter . Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 100:31–46, 1995. [15] M. J. Berger. Monte Carlo calculation of the penetration and diffusion of fast charged particles. In B. Adlu, S. Fernbach, and M. Rotenberg, editors, Methods in Computational Physics Vol. I, pages 135–215. Academic Press, New York, 1963. [16] M. J. Berger. Private communication with W.R. Nelson, 1976. [17] M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer. Tables of energy losses and ranges of electrons and positrons. Report NASA-SP-3012, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1964. (also National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council Publication 1133, 1964, Second Printing 1967). [18] M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer. Calculation of energy and charge deposition and of the electron flux in a water medium bombarded with 20-MeV electrons. Ann. N.Y. Acad. of Sci., 161:8–23, 1969. [19] M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer. Bremsstrahlung and photoneutrons from thick tungsten and tantalum targets. Phys. Rev. C, 2:621–631, 1970. [20] M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer. Stopping powers and ranges of electrons and positrons (2nd Ed.). Report NBSIR 82-2550-A, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1983. [21] H. A. Bethe. Theory of passage of swift corpuscular rays through matter. Ann. Physik, 5:325, 1930. [22] H. A. Bethe. Scattering of electrons. Z. für Physik, 76:293, 1932. [23] H. A. Bethe. Molière’s theory of multiple scattering. Phys. Rev., 89:1256–1266, 1953. [24] H. A. Bethe and J. Ashkin. Passage of radiation through matter. In E. Segre, editor, Experimental Nuclear Physics, Vol. I, Part II. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1953. [25] H. J. Bhabha. Scattering of positrons by electrons with exchange on Dirac’s theory of the positron. Proc. R. Soc. Lon. Ser.-A), 154:195, 1936. [26] A. F. Bielajew. Improved angular sampling for pair production in the EGS4 code system. Report PIRS-0287, National Research Council of Canada, 1991. [27] A. F. Bielajew. Plural and multiple small-angle scattering from a screened Rutherford cross section. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 86:257–269, 1994. 410
[28] A. F. Bielajew. HOWFAR and HOWNEAR: Geometry modeling for Monte Carlo particle transport. Report PIRS-0341, National Research Council of Canada, 1995. [29] A. F. Bielajew, R. Mohan, and C. S. Chui. Improved bremsstrahlung photon angular sampling in the EGS4 code system. Report PIRS-0203, National Research Council of Canada, 1989. [30] A. F. Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers. Photoelectron angular distribution in the EGS4 code system. Report PIRS-0058, National Research Council of Canada, 1986. [31] A. F. Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers. PRESTA: The Parameter Reduced Electron-Step Transport Algorithm for electron Monte Carlo transport. Report PIRS-0042, National Research Council of Canada, 1986. [32] A. F. Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers. PRESTA: The Parameter Reduced Electron-Step Transport Algorithm for electron Monte Carlo transport. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 18:165– 181, 1987. [33] A. F. Bielajew and D. W. O. Rogers. Electron step-size artefacts and PRESTA. In T.M. Jenkins, W.R. Nelson, A. Rindi, A.E. Nahum, and D.W.O. Rogers, editors, Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, pages 115–137. Plenum Press, New York, 1989. [34] A. F. Bielajew and S. J. Wilderman. Innovative electron transport methods in <strong>EGS5</strong>. In Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on EGS4, pages 1–10, Japan, 2000. (KEK Proceedings 2000-20). [35] F. Biggs, L. B. Mendelsohn, and J. B. Mann. Hartree-fock compton profiles for the elements. Atom. Data Nucl. Data, 16:201–309, 1975. [36] F. Bloch. Stopping power of atoms with several electrons. Z. für Physik, 81:363, 1933. [37] H. Burfeindt. Monte-Carlo-Rechnung für 3 GeV-Schauer in Blei. Report DESY-67/24, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, 1967. [38] J. C. Butcher and H. Messel. Electron number distribution in electron-photon showers. Phys. Rev., 112:2096–2106, 1958. [39] J. C. Butcher and H. Messel. Electron number distribution in electron-photon showers in air and aluminum absorbers. Nucl. Phys., 20:15–28, 1960. [40] J. W. Butler. Machine sampling from given probability distributions. In H. A. Meyer, editor, Symposium on Monte Carlo Methods. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1966. [41] L. L. Carter and E. D. Cashwell. Particle-transport simulation with the monte carlo method. Report TID-26607, National Technical Information Service, U. S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, VA, 1975. [42] E. D. Cashwell and C. J. Everett. Monte Carlo Method for Random Walk Problems. Pergamon Press, New York, 1959. [43] E. Casnati, A. Tartari, and C. Baraldi. An empirical approach to K-shell ionisation cross section by electrons. J. Phys. B, 15:155–167, 1982. 411
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THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM 1 Hideo Hiraya
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Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Inten
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2.15.6 Electron Step-Size Selection
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B.4.9 Output of Results (Step 9) .
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List of Figures 2.1 Program flow an
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C.4 Subprogram relationships in PEG
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B.5 Variable descriptions for COMMO
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PREFACE In the nineteen years since
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intent o
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“shower book”. For various reas
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1.2.2 EGS1 About this time Nelson b
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MSCAT. These versions of EGS, PEGS,
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ten for energies less than 100 MeV
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- Molière multiple scattering (i.e
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EGS5. The primary advantages of thi
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ICRU37-compliant using the NIST dat
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high Z materials. Del Guerra et al.
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One of these six cross sections is
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at low energies. The latter, couple
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If E 1 and E 2 are expressions invo
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The result of this algorithm is tha
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2.4 Particle Transport Simulation T
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from appropriate distribution funct
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parameters which may be needed. The
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arrived at their values in a very m
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Math FORTRAN Program Table 2.1 (con
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Figure 2.2: Feynman diagrams for br
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defined by δ ij = 1 if i = j, 0 ot
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Davies, Bethe and Maximon[49] (e.g.
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cross section given in Equation 2.4
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and use this as the variable to be
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we have Now define δ ′ = ∆ C
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This agrees with formula (10) of Bu
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That is, using Equations 2.122 and
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d˘Σ P air, Run−time dE = [ 2 3
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Angular distribution formulas The f
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at either x = 0, x = (πE 0 ) 2 (i.
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The following table, derived from t
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Figure 2.3: Feynman diagrams for tw
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where X 0 = radiation length (cm),
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where α ′ 1 = α ′ 2 = k 0 ′
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+ 1 E 2 ′ − 1 E 1 ′ − C 2 l
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PEGS functions BHABDM, BHABRM, and
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To find the limits of E, we first c
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Figure 2.5: Feynman diagram for sin
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Ī adj = average adjusted mean ioni
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Table 2.2 (cont.) Z Symbol Atomic D
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Table 2.3 (cont.) LABEL a m s x 0 x
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(c) If 10.5 ≤ −C < 11.0 then x
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obtain the real scattering angle. E
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ρ = material mass density (g/cm 3
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Hence, so that ln [1.13 + 3.76(αZ
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g 3 (θ) = θ4 ( ) λf (0) (θ) + f
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Actually, b = 0 does not correspond
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Assume that an electron starts off
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At small path lengths t, a very lar
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x Final Direction φ Θ ∆x t Init
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shown that this version of the rand
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and as we noted earlier, they are d
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Final Direction x Energy Hinges φ
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Transport Steps, ∆ E = E x ESTEPE
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tranport step 1 DEINITIAL1 DERESID1
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= ∆E ( ∣ ∣∣∣ dE −1 ∣
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Since the CSDA range is uniquely de
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short steps accurate, but slow step
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Table 2.4: Materials used in refere
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Average Lateral Displacement (cm) 0
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100 MeV Electrons 0.01 0.001 Li C L
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actions involving photons with ener
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Cu 40 keV Counts (/keV/sr/source) 1
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Table 2.6: Data sources for general
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2.16.2 Photoelectron Angular Distri
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where r 0 is the classical electron
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second term on the right-hand side
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Z θ k Y O φ e 0 X k 0 Figure 2.23
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Note the similarities and differenc
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X Z ω k 0 O e 0 Y Figure 2.25: Dir
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W = Atomic, molecular and mixture w
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In order to use EGS5 to answer the
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write(6,100) 100 FORMAT(’ PEGS5-c
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! plate is 1 mm thick !------------
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implicit none include ’include/eg
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0.989 MeV kinetic energy Brem photo
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! locally (in fact EDEP = particles
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inmax=max(binmax,ebin(j)) end do wr
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0.40 0.0058 * 0.60 0.0054 * 0.80 0.
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!----------------------------------
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endif if(loop.lt.3) then write(6,12
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180 FORMAT(/’ Knock-on electrons
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common/score/escore(3), iscore(3) r
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Brem photons can be created and any
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in any combination of 31 well speci
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end do end do ! nmed and dunit defa
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! ------------------------------ cl
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if (iarg.eq.17) then ! A Compton sc
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! the general purpose geometry subr
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eturn end !------------------------
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open(UNIT= 6,FILE=’egs5job.out’
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write(6,130) 130 format(/’ Start
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icol= * int(dlog10(ebin(j)*10000.0/
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0.0300 0.0000* 0.0320 0.0001* 0.034
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0.0780 0.0014 * 0.0800 0.0012 * 0.0
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The main purpose of this section, h
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4.1.3 Leading Particle Biasing The
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• Sum the weighted energy deposit
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4 z 6 Vac 11 5 Pb 6 5 Air 7 4 9 10
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Figure 4.3: UCBEND simulation at 3.
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necessary geometry input. The follo
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Appendix A EGS5 FLOW DIAGRAMS Hideo
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subroutine annih Version 051219-143
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¡ eq 1 anormr = 1./sqrt(anorm2) si
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1 br = max(br,0.D0) ekse2 = br*ekin
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1 2 3 br = br*p esg = eie*br yes es
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¤ ne ¤ ne subroutine collis (lele
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¦ ne ¦ ne call ausgab(iarg) 6 iq(
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subroutine compt Version 051219-143
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3 4 5 6 icprof(medium) .eq. 3 no ye
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subroutine counters_out Version 051
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no ii .ne. jj yes no
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© ne 1 2 3 neispl = (2*neispl + 1)
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subroutine electr(ircode) ielectr =
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 detot = e(np)-ecu
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2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 ustep .gt. d
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4142 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ecut(irne
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5859 60 61 62 63 64 tmscat .eq. 0.0
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73 74 75 76 no edep .lt. e(np) yes
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subroutine hardx (charge,kEnergy,ke
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1 2 3 4 5 iz = izz iz .eq. 0 no xsi
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13 14 15 16 17 sint .ne. 0. yes rde
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19 im=1 im=im+1 im >nmed no yes no
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22 23 write(kmpo,1610) read(kmpi,12
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26 27 28 iprofm(im) .ne. 1 no yes w
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30 31 32 33 34 esig0(i,im) = esig0(
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36 37 38 no iedgfl(ii).ne.0 .or. ia
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no kaug .eq. 6 call lshell(3) kaug.
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subroutine kxray Version 051219-143
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1 2 3 dfl3aug(5,iz) .eq. 0. no naug
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1 2 3 4 rnnow .le. omegal2(iz) + f2
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1 2 dflx3(6,iz) .eq. 0. no nxray=nx
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1 impacr(ir(np)).eq.1 .and. iedgfl(
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1 2 fject = (ktot - k1grd(iprt,ik1)
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5 6 7 8 9 thr = 1./eta "Central cor
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1 2 3 delta = delcm(medium)*del "Re
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8 9 10 11 12 galpha .ge. 0.0 yes no
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subroutine photo Version 051219-143
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4 5 6 7 8 rnnow .le. pbran(i) no ye
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12 13 14 beta = sqrt((eelec - RM)*(
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subroutine photon Version 051219-14
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6 7 8 9 10 idisc .gt. 0 yes no edep
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17 18 19 20 21 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0
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27 28 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0 no ircod
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subroutine rk1 Version 060313-0945
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4 5 6 j=1 j=j+1 j>neke-1 no yes j .
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18 19 20 21 22 23 elkeold = elke k1
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1 2 "end of file; go to 13" read(17
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4 5 "go to 30" no abs(k1mine-k1grd(
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7 8 read(17,'(72a1)') buffer read(1
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subroutine shower (iqi,ei,xi,yi,zi,
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subroutine uphi(ientry,lvl) Version
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subroutine randomset(rndum) Version
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subroutine rluxinit Version 051219-
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1 i=1 i=i+1 i>24 no yes seeds(i) =
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subroutine rluxin Version 051219-14
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Appendix B EGS5 USER MANUAL Hideo H
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Table B.1: Variable descriptions fo
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Table B.12: Variable descriptions f
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Optional parameter modifications Th
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the call to PEGS5 may be skipped if
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egions. Execution of EGS5 is termin
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of the transport in the walls of el
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call rluxinit after specifying LUXL
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END OF FILE ON UNIT 12 PROGRAM STOP
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do i=1,ncases uf(1)=ufi vf(1)=vfi w
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crossed, then USTEP should be set t
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subroutine howfar implicit none inc
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Table B.18: IARG values program sta
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As an example of how to write an AU
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!**********************************
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nreg=3 do i=2,nreg ecut(i)=100.0 pc
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nlines=0 nwrite=15 !---------------
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if (nlines.lt.nwrite) then write(6,
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Appendix C PEGS USER MANUAL Hideo H
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is entered. On each pass through th
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(from previous figure) (to previous
Page 375 and 376: (from previous figure) | | + ------
Page 377 and 378: +------+ |BREMTR| +------+ | V +---
Page 379 and 380: +------+ |PAIRTR| +------+ | V +---
Page 381 and 382: Name DCSLOAD DCSSTOR DCSTAB ELASTIN
Page 383 and 384: Name AFFACT AINTP ALKE ALKEI ALIN A
Page 385 and 386: Table C.5: Functions in PEGS, part
Page 387 and 388: +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
Page 389 and 390: Table C.8: ELEM option input data l
Page 391 and 392: Table C.10: MIXT option input data
Page 393 and 394: Table C.12: PWLF option input data
Page 395 and 396: Table C.17: PLTN option input data
Page 397 and 398: ICPROF is set to 3, the user must c
Page 399 and 400: Column Line 12345678911234567892123
Page 401 and 402: interiors of the intervals. If FEXA
Page 403 and 404: C.3.6 The TEST Option The TEST opti
Page 405 and 406: C.3.9 The HPLT Option The Histogram
Page 407 and 408: Appendix D EGS5 INSTALLATION GUIDE
Page 409 and 410: egs5 directory (preferably using th
Page 411 and 412: 6. The user is then asked to key-in
Page 413 and 414: * User code tutor1.f has been compi
Page 415 and 416: Appendix E CONTENTS OF THE EGS5 DIS
Page 417 and 418: All of the actual FORTRAN source co
Page 419 and 420: aprime.data Data for empirical brem
Page 421 and 422: eryllium iron silicon bismuth krypt
Page 423 and 424: The tutorial problems and advanced
Page 425: Bibliography [1] R. G. Alsmiller Jr
Page 429 and 430: [59] K. Flöttmann. Investigations
Page 431 and 432: [92] H. Kolbenstvedt. Simple theory
Page 433 and 434: [123] Y. Namito, H. Hirayama, A. Ta
Page 435 and 436: [156] Y. A. Shreider, editor. The M
Page 437 and 438: Index “shower book”, 37 AE, 28,
Page 439 and 440: Klein-Nishina formula, 62 Landau di
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