THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM

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[140] F. Rohrlich and B. C. Carlson. Positron-electron differences in energy loss and multiple scattering. Phys. Rev., 93:38, 1954. [141] B. Rossi. High-Energy Particles. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1952. [142] R. W. Roussin, J. R. Knight, J. H. Hubbell, and R. J. Howerton. Description of the DLC- 99/HUGO package of photon interaction data in ENDF/B-V format. Report ORNL-RSIC- 46/ENDF-335, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1983. [143] Y. Sakamoto. Photon cross section data PHOTX for PEGS4 code. In Proceedings of the Third EGS4 User’s Meeting in Japan, pages 77–82, Japan, 1993. (KEK Proceedings 93-15). [144] S. I. Salem, S. L. Panossian, and R. A. Krause. Experimental K and L relative x-ray emission rates. Atom. Data Nucl. Data, 14:91–109, 1974. [145] F. Sauter. Über den atomaren Photoeffekt in der K-Schale nach der relativistischen Wellenmechanik Diracs. Ann. Physik, 11:454–488, 1931. [146] J. H. Scofield. Relativistic Hartree-Slater values for K and L x-rays emission rates. Atom. Data Nucl. Data, 14:121–137, 1974. [147] W. T. Scott. The theory of small-angle multiple scattering of fast particles. Rev. Mod. Phys., 35:231–313, 1963. [148] S. M. Seltzer. A PC-based program EPSTAR/ESPA, 1988. private communication. [149] S. M. Seltzer. An overview of ETRAN Monte Carlo methods. In T.M. Jenkins, W.R. Nelson, A. Rindi, A.E. Nahum, and D.W.O. Rogers, editors, Monte Carlo Transport of Electrons and Photons, pages 153–182. Plenum Press, New York, 1989. [150] S. M. Seltzer. Electron-photon Monte Carlo calculations: the ETRAN code. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 42:917–941, 1991. [151] S. M. Seltzer and M. J. Berger. Evaluation of the collision stopping power of elements and compounds for electrons and positrons. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 33:1189, 1982. [152] S. M. Seltzer and M. J. Berger. Improved procedure for calculating the collision stopping powers of elements and compounds for electrons and positrons. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 35:665, 1984. [153] S. M. Seltzer and M. J. Berger. Bremsstrahlung spectra from electron interactions with screened atomic nucleii and orbital electrons. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. B, 12:95, 1985. [154] S. M. Seltzer and M. J. Berger. Procedure for calculating the radiation stopping power for electrons. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 33:1219, 1985. [155] J. Sempau, S. J. Wilderman, and A. F. Bielajew. DPM, a fast, accurate Monte Carlo code optimized for photon and electron radiotherapy treatment planning dose calculations. Phys. Med. Biol., 45:2263–2291, 2000. 418
[156] Y. A. Shreider, editor. The Monte Carlo Method. Pergamon Press, New York, 1966. [157] J. Spanier and E. M. Gelbard. Monte Carlo Principles and Neutron Transport Problems. Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1969. [158] J. E. Spencer. Private communication with A.F. Bielajew and W.R. Nelson regarding the proposed SLAC E144 experiment, 1991. [159] R. M. Sternheimer. The density effect for the ionization loss in various materials. Phys. Rev., 88:851, 1952. [160] R. M. Sternheimer. The energy loss of a fast charged particle by Cerenkov radiation. Phys. Rev., 91:256, 1953. [161] R. M. Sternheimer. Density effect for the ionization loss in various materials. Phys. Rev., 103:511, 1956. [162] R. M. Sternheimer. Density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles. Phys. Rev., 145:247, 1966. [163] R. M. Sternheimer. Density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles. II. Phys. Rev., 164:349, 1967. [164] R. M. Sternheimer, M. J. Berger, and S. M. Seltzer. Density effect for ionization loss. Atom. Data Nucl. Data, 30:262, 1984. [165] R. M. Sternheimer and R. F. Peierls. General expression for the density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles. Phys. Rev. B, 3:3681, 1971. [166] R. M. Sternheimer, S. M. Seltzer, and M. J. Berger. Density effect for the ionization loss of charged particles in various substances. Phys. Rev. B, 26:6067, 1982. [167] E. Storm and H. I. Israel. Photon cross sections from 1 keV to 100 MeV for elements Z=1 to Z=100. Atom. Data Nucl. Data, 7:565–681, 1970. [168] E. A. Straker, P. N. Stevens, D. C. Irving, and V. R. Cain. MORSE-CG, general purpose Monte Carlo multigroup neutron and gamma-ray transport code with combinatorial geometry. Report CCC-203, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1976. [169] T. Sugita, T. Torii, and A. Takamura. Incorporating combinatorial geometry to the <strong>EGS5</strong> code and its speed-up. In Proceedings of the 12th EGS Users’ Meeting in Japan, pages 7–21, Japan, 2005. (KEK Proceedings 2005-10). [170] M. L. Ter-Mikaelyan. Bremsstrahlung radiation spectrum in medium. Zu Eksper. Teor. Fiz., 25:289–296, 1954. [171] T. Torii and T. Sugita. Development of PRESTA-CG incorporating combinatorial geometry in EGS4/PRESTA. Report JNC TN1410 2002-201, Japan Nuclear Cycle Development Institute, Japan, 2002. 419
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THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM 1 Hideo Hiraya
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Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Inten
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2.15.6 Electron Step-Size Selection
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B.4.9 Output of Results (Step 9) .
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List of Figures 2.1 Program flow an
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C.4 Subprogram relationships in PEG
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B.5 Variable descriptions for COMMO
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PREFACE In the nineteen years since
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intent o
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“shower book”. For various reas
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1.2.2 EGS1 About this time Nelson b
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MSCAT. These versions of EGS, PEGS,
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ten for energies less than 100 MeV
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- Molière multiple scattering (i.e
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EGS5. The primary advantages of thi
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ICRU37-compliant using the NIST dat
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high Z materials. Del Guerra et al.
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One of these six cross sections is
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at low energies. The latter, couple
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If E 1 and E 2 are expressions invo
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The result of this algorithm is tha
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2.4 Particle Transport Simulation T
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from appropriate distribution funct
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parameters which may be needed. The
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arrived at their values in a very m
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Math FORTRAN Program Table 2.1 (con
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Figure 2.2: Feynman diagrams for br
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defined by δ ij = 1 if i = j, 0 ot
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Davies, Bethe and Maximon[49] (e.g.
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cross section given in Equation 2.4
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and use this as the variable to be
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we have Now define δ ′ = ∆ C
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This agrees with formula (10) of Bu
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That is, using Equations 2.122 and
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d˘Σ P air, Run−time dE = [ 2 3
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Angular distribution formulas The f
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at either x = 0, x = (πE 0 ) 2 (i.
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The following table, derived from t
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Figure 2.3: Feynman diagrams for tw
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where X 0 = radiation length (cm),
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where α ′ 1 = α ′ 2 = k 0 ′
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+ 1 E 2 ′ − 1 E 1 ′ − C 2 l
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PEGS functions BHABDM, BHABRM, and
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To find the limits of E, we first c
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Figure 2.5: Feynman diagram for sin
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Ī adj = average adjusted mean ioni
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Table 2.2 (cont.) Z Symbol Atomic D
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Table 2.3 (cont.) LABEL a m s x 0 x
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(c) If 10.5 ≤ −C < 11.0 then x
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obtain the real scattering angle. E
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ρ = material mass density (g/cm 3
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Hence, so that ln [1.13 + 3.76(αZ
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g 3 (θ) = θ4 ( ) λf (0) (θ) + f
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Actually, b = 0 does not correspond
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Assume that an electron starts off
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At small path lengths t, a very lar
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x Final Direction φ Θ ∆x t Init
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shown that this version of the rand
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and as we noted earlier, they are d
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Final Direction x Energy Hinges φ
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Transport Steps, ∆ E = E x ESTEPE
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tranport step 1 DEINITIAL1 DERESID1
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= ∆E ( ∣ ∣∣∣ dE −1 ∣
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Since the CSDA range is uniquely de
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short steps accurate, but slow step
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Table 2.4: Materials used in refere
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Average Lateral Displacement (cm) 0
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100 MeV Electrons 0.01 0.001 Li C L
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actions involving photons with ener
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Cu 40 keV Counts (/keV/sr/source) 1
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Table 2.6: Data sources for general
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2.16.2 Photoelectron Angular Distri
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where r 0 is the classical electron
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second term on the right-hand side
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Z θ k Y O φ e 0 X k 0 Figure 2.23
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Note the similarities and differenc
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X Z ω k 0 O e 0 Y Figure 2.25: Dir
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W = Atomic, molecular and mixture w
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In order to use EGS5 to answer the
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write(6,100) 100 FORMAT(’ PEGS5-c
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! plate is 1 mm thick !------------
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implicit none include ’include/eg
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0.989 MeV kinetic energy Brem photo
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! locally (in fact EDEP = particles
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inmax=max(binmax,ebin(j)) end do wr
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0.40 0.0058 * 0.60 0.0054 * 0.80 0.
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!----------------------------------
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endif if(loop.lt.3) then write(6,12
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180 FORMAT(/’ Knock-on electrons
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common/score/escore(3), iscore(3) r
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Brem photons can be created and any
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in any combination of 31 well speci
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end do end do ! nmed and dunit defa
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! ------------------------------ cl
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if (iarg.eq.17) then ! A Compton sc
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! the general purpose geometry subr
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eturn end !------------------------
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open(UNIT= 6,FILE=’egs5job.out’
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write(6,130) 130 format(/’ Start
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icol= * int(dlog10(ebin(j)*10000.0/
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0.0300 0.0000* 0.0320 0.0001* 0.034
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0.0780 0.0014 * 0.0800 0.0012 * 0.0
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The main purpose of this section, h
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4.1.3 Leading Particle Biasing The
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• Sum the weighted energy deposit
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4 z 6 Vac 11 5 Pb 6 5 Air 7 4 9 10
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Figure 4.3: UCBEND simulation at 3.
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necessary geometry input. The follo
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Appendix A EGS5 FLOW DIAGRAMS Hideo
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subroutine annih Version 051219-143
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¡ eq 1 anormr = 1./sqrt(anorm2) si
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1 br = max(br,0.D0) ekse2 = br*ekin
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1 2 3 br = br*p esg = eie*br yes es
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¤ ne ¤ ne subroutine collis (lele
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¦ ne ¦ ne call ausgab(iarg) 6 iq(
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subroutine compt Version 051219-143
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3 4 5 6 icprof(medium) .eq. 3 no ye
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subroutine counters_out Version 051
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no ii .ne. jj yes no
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© ne 1 2 3 neispl = (2*neispl + 1)
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subroutine electr(ircode) ielectr =
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 detot = e(np)-ecu
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2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 ustep .gt. d
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4142 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ecut(irne
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5859 60 61 62 63 64 tmscat .eq. 0.0
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73 74 75 76 no edep .lt. e(np) yes
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subroutine hardx (charge,kEnergy,ke
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1 2 3 4 5 iz = izz iz .eq. 0 no xsi
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13 14 15 16 17 sint .ne. 0. yes rde
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19 im=1 im=im+1 im >nmed no yes no
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22 23 write(kmpo,1610) read(kmpi,12
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26 27 28 iprofm(im) .ne. 1 no yes w
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30 31 32 33 34 esig0(i,im) = esig0(
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36 37 38 no iedgfl(ii).ne.0 .or. ia
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no kaug .eq. 6 call lshell(3) kaug.
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subroutine kxray Version 051219-143
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1 2 3 dfl3aug(5,iz) .eq. 0. no naug
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1 2 3 4 rnnow .le. omegal2(iz) + f2
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1 2 dflx3(6,iz) .eq. 0. no nxray=nx
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1 impacr(ir(np)).eq.1 .and. iedgfl(
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1 2 fject = (ktot - k1grd(iprt,ik1)
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5 6 7 8 9 thr = 1./eta "Central cor
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1 2 3 delta = delcm(medium)*del "Re
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8 9 10 11 12 galpha .ge. 0.0 yes no
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subroutine photo Version 051219-143
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4 5 6 7 8 rnnow .le. pbran(i) no ye
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12 13 14 beta = sqrt((eelec - RM)*(
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subroutine photon Version 051219-14
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6 7 8 9 10 idisc .gt. 0 yes no edep
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17 18 19 20 21 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0
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27 28 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0 no ircod
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subroutine rk1 Version 060313-0945
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4 5 6 j=1 j=j+1 j>neke-1 no yes j .
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18 19 20 21 22 23 elkeold = elke k1
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1 2 "end of file; go to 13" read(17
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4 5 "go to 30" no abs(k1mine-k1grd(
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7 8 read(17,'(72a1)') buffer read(1
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subroutine shower (iqi,ei,xi,yi,zi,
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subroutine uphi(ientry,lvl) Version
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subroutine randomset(rndum) Version
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subroutine rluxinit Version 051219-
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1 i=1 i=i+1 i>24 no yes seeds(i) =
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subroutine rluxin Version 051219-14
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Appendix B EGS5 USER MANUAL Hideo H
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Table B.1: Variable descriptions fo
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Table B.12: Variable descriptions f
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Optional parameter modifications Th
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the call to PEGS5 may be skipped if
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egions. Execution of EGS5 is termin
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of the transport in the walls of el
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call rluxinit after specifying LUXL
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END OF FILE ON UNIT 12 PROGRAM STOP
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do i=1,ncases uf(1)=ufi vf(1)=vfi w
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crossed, then USTEP should be set t
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subroutine howfar implicit none inc
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Table B.18: IARG values program sta
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As an example of how to write an AU
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!**********************************
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nreg=3 do i=2,nreg ecut(i)=100.0 pc
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nlines=0 nwrite=15 !---------------
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if (nlines.lt.nwrite) then write(6,
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Appendix C PEGS USER MANUAL Hideo H
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is entered. On each pass through th
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(from previous figure) (to previous
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(from previous figure) | | + ------
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+------+ |BREMTR| +------+ | V +---
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+------+ |PAIRTR| +------+ | V +---
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Name DCSLOAD DCSSTOR DCSTAB ELASTIN
Page 383 and 384: Name AFFACT AINTP ALKE ALKEI ALIN A
Page 385 and 386: Table C.5: Functions in PEGS, part
Page 387 and 388: +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
Page 389 and 390: Table C.8: ELEM option input data l
Page 391 and 392: Table C.10: MIXT option input data
Page 393 and 394: Table C.12: PWLF option input data
Page 395 and 396: Table C.17: PLTN option input data
Page 397 and 398: ICPROF is set to 3, the user must c
Page 399 and 400: Column Line 12345678911234567892123
Page 401 and 402: interiors of the intervals. If FEXA
Page 403 and 404: C.3.6 The TEST Option The TEST opti
Page 405 and 406: C.3.9 The HPLT Option The Histogram
Page 407 and 408: Appendix D EGS5 INSTALLATION GUIDE
Page 409 and 410: egs5 directory (preferably using th
Page 411 and 412: 6. The user is then asked to key-in
Page 413 and 414: * User code tutor1.f has been compi
Page 415 and 416: Appendix E CONTENTS OF THE EGS5 DIS
Page 417 and 418: All of the actual FORTRAN source co
Page 419 and 420: aprime.data Data for empirical brem
Page 421 and 422: eryllium iron silicon bismuth krypt
Page 423 and 424: The tutorial problems and advanced
Page 425 and 426: Bibliography [1] R. G. Alsmiller Jr
Page 427 and 428: [28] A. F. Bielajew. HOWFAR and HOW
Page 429 and 430: [59] K. Flöttmann. Investigations
Page 431 and 432: [92] H. Kolbenstvedt. Simple theory
Page 433: [123] Y. Namito, H. Hirayama, A. Ta
Page 437 and 438: Index “shower book”, 37 AE, 28,
Page 439 and 440: Klein-Nishina formula, 62 Landau di
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