THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM

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[108] G. Z. Molière. Theorie der Streuung schneller geladener Teilchen. II. Mehrfach- und Vielfachstreuung. Z. Naturforsch, 3a:78–97, 1948. [109] C. Møller. Passage of hard beta rays through matter. Ann. Physik, 14:531, 1932. [110] L. R. M. Morin. Molecular form factors and photon coherent scattering cross sections for water. J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 11:1091, 1982. [111] J. W. Motz, H. A. Olsen, and H. W. Koch. Pair production by photons. Rev. Mod. Phys., 41:581–639, 1969. [112] H. H. Nagel. Die Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei mit Hilfe der Monte- Carlo Methode. Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Hohen Mathematich-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Rheinischen Freidrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, 1964. [113] H. H. Nagel. Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei: Monte-Carlo-Rechnungen für Primärelektronenergien zwischen 100 und 1000 MeV. Z. Physik, 186:319–346, 1965. English translation, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report Number SLAC-TRANS-28, 1965. [114] H. H. Nagel. Private communication in the form of notes left by the author at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, August 1966. [115] H. H. Nagel and C. Schlier. Berechnung von Elektron-Photon-Kaskaden in Blei für eine Primärenergie von 200 MeV. Z. Physik, 174:464–471, 1963. [116] Y. Namito, S. Ban, and H. Hirayama. Implementation of linearly-polarized photon scattering into the EGS4 code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 322:277–283, 1993. [117] Y. Namito, S. Ban, and H. Hirayama. Implementation of Doppler broadening of Comptonscattered photons into the EGS4 code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 349:489–494, 1994. [118] Y. Namito, S. Ban, H. Hirayama, S. Tanaka, H. Nakashima, Y. Nakane, Y. Sakamoto, N. Sasamoto, and Y. Asano. Compton scattering of 20- to 40-keV photons. Phys. Rev. A, 51:3036–3043, 1995. [119] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Improvement of low energy photon transport calculation by EGS4—electron bound effect in Compton scattering. J. Atom. Energ. Soc. Jpn., page 401, 1991. [120] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Implementation of the electron impact ionization into the EGS4 code. Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A, 423:238–246, 1999. [121] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. Improvement of the cross-section and branching-ratio evaluation in EGS4 in the energy interval which has an absorption-edge. In Proceedings of the Eighth EGS4 User’s Meeting in Japan, pages 1–6, Japan, 1999. (KEK Proceedings 99-15). [122] Y. Namito and H. Hirayama. LSCAT: Low-energy photon-scattering expansion for the EGS4 code (inclusion of electron impact ionization). KEK Internal 2000-4, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan, 2000. 416
[123] Y. Namito, H. Hirayama, A. Takamura, and T. Sugita. EGS4 Particle trajectory and geometry display program cgview ver 1.2. KEK Internal 2004-8, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Japan, 2004. [124] Y. Namito, W. R. Nelson, S. M. Seltzer, A. F. Bielajew, and D. W. O. Rogers. Low-energy x-ray production studies using the EGS4 code system . Med. Phys., 17:557 (abstract), 1990. [125] W. R. Nelson and A. F. Bielajew. EGS — A Technology spinoff to medicine. Beam Line (#1), 21:7–11, 1991. [126] W. R. Nelson, H. Hirayama, and D. W. O. Rogers. The EGS4 Code System. Report SLAC- 265, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford, CA, 1985. [127] W. R. Nelson and T. M. Jenkins, editors. Computer Techniques in Radiation Transport and Dosimetry. Plenum Press, New York, 1980. [128] D. F. Nicoli. The application of Monte Carlo cascade shower generation in lead, 1966. submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [129] J. Pach and P. K. Agarwal. Combinatorial Geometry. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1995. [130] E. Parzen. Modern Probability Theory and Its Applications. Wiley & Sons, New York, 1960. [131] PHOTX. Photon interaction cross-section library for 100 elements. Data Package DLC- 136/PHOTX, Radiation Shielding Information Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 1995. [132] S. Pollack. Private communication, 2002. [133] J. A. Rawlinson, A. F. Bielajew, P. Munro, and D. M. Galbraith. Theoretical and experimental investigation of dose enhancement due to charge storage in electron-irradiated phantoms. Med. Phys., 11:814–821, 1984. [134] R. Ribberfors. X-ray incoherent scattering total cross sections and energy-absorption cross sections by means of simple calculation routines. Phys. Rev. A, 27:3061–3070, 1983. [135] R. Ribberfors and K. F. Berggren. Incoherent x-ray-scattering functions and cross sections (dσ/dω ′ ) incoh by means of a pocket calculator. Phys. Rev. A, 26:3325–3333, 1982. [136] D. W. O. Rogers. Low energy electron transport with EGS. Nucl. Instrum. Methods, 227:535– 548, 1984. [137] D. W. O. Rogers. The role of Monte Carlo simulation of electron transport in radiation dosimetry. Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Is., 42:965–974, 1991. [138] D. W. O. Rogers. How accurately can EGS4/PRESTA calculate ion chamber response? Med. Phys., 20:319–323, 1993. [139] D. W. O. Rogers, S. Duane, A. F. Bielajew, and W. R. Nelson. Use of ICRU-37/NBS radiative stopping powers in the EGS4 system. Report PIRS-0177, National Research Council of Canada, 1989. 417
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THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM 1 Hideo Hiraya
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Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Inten
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2.15.6 Electron Step-Size Selection
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B.4.9 Output of Results (Step 9) .
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List of Figures 2.1 Program flow an
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C.4 Subprogram relationships in PEG
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B.5 Variable descriptions for COMMO
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PREFACE In the nineteen years since
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intent o
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“shower book”. For various reas
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1.2.2 EGS1 About this time Nelson b
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MSCAT. These versions of EGS, PEGS,
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ten for energies less than 100 MeV
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- Molière multiple scattering (i.e
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EGS5. The primary advantages of thi
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ICRU37-compliant using the NIST dat
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high Z materials. Del Guerra et al.
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One of these six cross sections is
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at low energies. The latter, couple
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If E 1 and E 2 are expressions invo
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The result of this algorithm is tha
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2.4 Particle Transport Simulation T
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from appropriate distribution funct
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parameters which may be needed. The
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arrived at their values in a very m
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Math FORTRAN Program Table 2.1 (con
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Figure 2.2: Feynman diagrams for br
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defined by δ ij = 1 if i = j, 0 ot
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Davies, Bethe and Maximon[49] (e.g.
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cross section given in Equation 2.4
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and use this as the variable to be
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we have Now define δ ′ = ∆ C
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This agrees with formula (10) of Bu
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That is, using Equations 2.122 and
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d˘Σ P air, Run−time dE = [ 2 3
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Angular distribution formulas The f
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at either x = 0, x = (πE 0 ) 2 (i.
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The following table, derived from t
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Figure 2.3: Feynman diagrams for tw
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where X 0 = radiation length (cm),
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where α ′ 1 = α ′ 2 = k 0 ′
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+ 1 E 2 ′ − 1 E 1 ′ − C 2 l
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PEGS functions BHABDM, BHABRM, and
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To find the limits of E, we first c
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Figure 2.5: Feynman diagram for sin
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Ī adj = average adjusted mean ioni
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Table 2.2 (cont.) Z Symbol Atomic D
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Table 2.3 (cont.) LABEL a m s x 0 x
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(c) If 10.5 ≤ −C < 11.0 then x
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obtain the real scattering angle. E
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ρ = material mass density (g/cm 3
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Hence, so that ln [1.13 + 3.76(αZ
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g 3 (θ) = θ4 ( ) λf (0) (θ) + f
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Actually, b = 0 does not correspond
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Assume that an electron starts off
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At small path lengths t, a very lar
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x Final Direction φ Θ ∆x t Init
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shown that this version of the rand
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and as we noted earlier, they are d
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Final Direction x Energy Hinges φ
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Transport Steps, ∆ E = E x ESTEPE
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tranport step 1 DEINITIAL1 DERESID1
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= ∆E ( ∣ ∣∣∣ dE −1 ∣
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Since the CSDA range is uniquely de
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short steps accurate, but slow step
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Table 2.4: Materials used in refere
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Average Lateral Displacement (cm) 0
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100 MeV Electrons 0.01 0.001 Li C L
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actions involving photons with ener
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Cu 40 keV Counts (/keV/sr/source) 1
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Table 2.6: Data sources for general
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2.16.2 Photoelectron Angular Distri
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where r 0 is the classical electron
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second term on the right-hand side
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Z θ k Y O φ e 0 X k 0 Figure 2.23
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Note the similarities and differenc
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X Z ω k 0 O e 0 Y Figure 2.25: Dir
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W = Atomic, molecular and mixture w
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In order to use EGS5 to answer the
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write(6,100) 100 FORMAT(’ PEGS5-c
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! plate is 1 mm thick !------------
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implicit none include ’include/eg
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0.989 MeV kinetic energy Brem photo
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! locally (in fact EDEP = particles
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inmax=max(binmax,ebin(j)) end do wr
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0.40 0.0058 * 0.60 0.0054 * 0.80 0.
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!----------------------------------
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endif if(loop.lt.3) then write(6,12
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180 FORMAT(/’ Knock-on electrons
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common/score/escore(3), iscore(3) r
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Brem photons can be created and any
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in any combination of 31 well speci
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end do end do ! nmed and dunit defa
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! ------------------------------ cl
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if (iarg.eq.17) then ! A Compton sc
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! the general purpose geometry subr
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eturn end !------------------------
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open(UNIT= 6,FILE=’egs5job.out’
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write(6,130) 130 format(/’ Start
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icol= * int(dlog10(ebin(j)*10000.0/
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0.0300 0.0000* 0.0320 0.0001* 0.034
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0.0780 0.0014 * 0.0800 0.0012 * 0.0
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The main purpose of this section, h
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4.1.3 Leading Particle Biasing The
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• Sum the weighted energy deposit
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4 z 6 Vac 11 5 Pb 6 5 Air 7 4 9 10
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Figure 4.3: UCBEND simulation at 3.
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necessary geometry input. The follo
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Appendix A EGS5 FLOW DIAGRAMS Hideo
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subroutine annih Version 051219-143
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¡ eq 1 anormr = 1./sqrt(anorm2) si
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1 br = max(br,0.D0) ekse2 = br*ekin
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1 2 3 br = br*p esg = eie*br yes es
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¤ ne ¤ ne subroutine collis (lele
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¦ ne ¦ ne call ausgab(iarg) 6 iq(
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subroutine compt Version 051219-143
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3 4 5 6 icprof(medium) .eq. 3 no ye
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subroutine counters_out Version 051
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no ii .ne. jj yes no
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© ne 1 2 3 neispl = (2*neispl + 1)
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subroutine electr(ircode) ielectr =
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 detot = e(np)-ecu
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2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 ustep .gt. d
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4142 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ecut(irne
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5859 60 61 62 63 64 tmscat .eq. 0.0
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73 74 75 76 no edep .lt. e(np) yes
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subroutine hardx (charge,kEnergy,ke
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1 2 3 4 5 iz = izz iz .eq. 0 no xsi
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13 14 15 16 17 sint .ne. 0. yes rde
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19 im=1 im=im+1 im >nmed no yes no
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22 23 write(kmpo,1610) read(kmpi,12
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26 27 28 iprofm(im) .ne. 1 no yes w
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30 31 32 33 34 esig0(i,im) = esig0(
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36 37 38 no iedgfl(ii).ne.0 .or. ia
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no kaug .eq. 6 call lshell(3) kaug.
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subroutine kxray Version 051219-143
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1 2 3 dfl3aug(5,iz) .eq. 0. no naug
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1 2 3 4 rnnow .le. omegal2(iz) + f2
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1 2 dflx3(6,iz) .eq. 0. no nxray=nx
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1 impacr(ir(np)).eq.1 .and. iedgfl(
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1 2 fject = (ktot - k1grd(iprt,ik1)
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5 6 7 8 9 thr = 1./eta "Central cor
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1 2 3 delta = delcm(medium)*del "Re
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8 9 10 11 12 galpha .ge. 0.0 yes no
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subroutine photo Version 051219-143
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4 5 6 7 8 rnnow .le. pbran(i) no ye
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12 13 14 beta = sqrt((eelec - RM)*(
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subroutine photon Version 051219-14
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6 7 8 9 10 idisc .gt. 0 yes no edep
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17 18 19 20 21 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0
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27 28 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0 no ircod
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subroutine rk1 Version 060313-0945
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4 5 6 j=1 j=j+1 j>neke-1 no yes j .
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18 19 20 21 22 23 elkeold = elke k1
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1 2 "end of file; go to 13" read(17
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4 5 "go to 30" no abs(k1mine-k1grd(
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7 8 read(17,'(72a1)') buffer read(1
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subroutine shower (iqi,ei,xi,yi,zi,
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subroutine uphi(ientry,lvl) Version
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subroutine randomset(rndum) Version
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subroutine rluxinit Version 051219-
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1 i=1 i=i+1 i>24 no yes seeds(i) =
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subroutine rluxin Version 051219-14
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Appendix B EGS5 USER MANUAL Hideo H
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Table B.1: Variable descriptions fo
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Table B.12: Variable descriptions f
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Optional parameter modifications Th
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the call to PEGS5 may be skipped if
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egions. Execution of EGS5 is termin
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of the transport in the walls of el
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call rluxinit after specifying LUXL
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END OF FILE ON UNIT 12 PROGRAM STOP
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do i=1,ncases uf(1)=ufi vf(1)=vfi w
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crossed, then USTEP should be set t
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subroutine howfar implicit none inc
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Table B.18: IARG values program sta
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As an example of how to write an AU
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!**********************************
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nreg=3 do i=2,nreg ecut(i)=100.0 pc
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nlines=0 nwrite=15 !---------------
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if (nlines.lt.nwrite) then write(6,
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Appendix C PEGS USER MANUAL Hideo H
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is entered. On each pass through th
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(from previous figure) (to previous
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(from previous figure) | | + ------
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+------+ |BREMTR| +------+ | V +---
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+------+ |PAIRTR| +------+ | V +---
Page 381 and 382: Name DCSLOAD DCSSTOR DCSTAB ELASTIN
Page 383 and 384: Name AFFACT AINTP ALKE ALKEI ALIN A
Page 385 and 386: Table C.5: Functions in PEGS, part
Page 387 and 388: +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
Page 389 and 390: Table C.8: ELEM option input data l
Page 391 and 392: Table C.10: MIXT option input data
Page 393 and 394: Table C.12: PWLF option input data
Page 395 and 396: Table C.17: PLTN option input data
Page 397 and 398: ICPROF is set to 3, the user must c
Page 399 and 400: Column Line 12345678911234567892123
Page 401 and 402: interiors of the intervals. If FEXA
Page 403 and 404: C.3.6 The TEST Option The TEST opti
Page 405 and 406: C.3.9 The HPLT Option The Histogram
Page 407 and 408: Appendix D EGS5 INSTALLATION GUIDE
Page 409 and 410: egs5 directory (preferably using th
Page 411 and 412: 6. The user is then asked to key-in
Page 413 and 414: * User code tutor1.f has been compi
Page 415 and 416: Appendix E CONTENTS OF THE EGS5 DIS
Page 417 and 418: All of the actual FORTRAN source co
Page 419 and 420: aprime.data Data for empirical brem
Page 421 and 422: eryllium iron silicon bismuth krypt
Page 423 and 424: The tutorial problems and advanced
Page 425 and 426: Bibliography [1] R. G. Alsmiller Jr
Page 427 and 428: [28] A. F. Bielajew. HOWFAR and HOW
Page 429 and 430: [59] K. Flöttmann. Investigations
Page 431: [92] H. Kolbenstvedt. Simple theory
Page 435 and 436: [156] Y. A. Shreider, editor. The M
Page 437 and 438: Index “shower book”, 37 AE, 28,
Page 439 and 440: Klein-Nishina formula, 62 Landau di
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