THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM

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cutoff energy, 26, 28, 30, 31, 38, 54, 82 CYLNDR, 188 DECK (PEGS option), 378, 381, 386 decomposition (see composition sampling), 24 delta-ray, 20, 28 density material, 33, 328 scaling, 328 density effect, 79–81, 372–376 density function, 29, 30 DIFFER, 54, 382 direct sampling, 24, 27 distribution function, 27, 29 see also cumulative distribution function, 22 DNEAR, 320, 329, 336, 337 DUNIT, 31, 319, 327, 332 ECNSV1, 189 ECUT, 325, 326, 328, 341 EDEP, 189, 317 efficiency simulation, 26, 30 EGS3, 1, 75, 83, 120 egs5run, 392 EII, 342 ELECTR, 192, 328, 329, 336, 342 electron binding, 28 electron density, 37, 38 electron impact ionization, 137, 317–319, 326, 373–375, 381, 383 electron transport, 28 ELEM (PEGS option), 371–373, 382 Elwert factor, 43 EMAXE, 322, 325 ENER (PEGS option), 376, 383 energy loss, 20, 28, 73 step-size, 328 energy sampling, 43, 54 energy straggling, 82 EPCONT, 192 ESAVE, 322, 328, 329 ESTEPR, 322, 328 event (see history), 26 event counter, 189, 324 excitation, 20, 21, 28 Faraday cup, 194 FCOULC, 41 Feynman diagram, 37 fluorescence, 188, 316, 327 form factor, 40, 128, 129 FUDGEMS, 372, 374, 375, 380 geometry, 31 combinatorial, 188, 197, 198 multi-cylinder, 188 multi-slab, 188 Goudsmit-Saunderson multiple scattering, 91, 318, 328, 365 Hartree, 40 HATCH, 31, 312, 313, 315, 318, 319, 325–328, 330, 332 high frequency limit (bremsstrahlung), 43 history, 26, 30, 31 HOWFAR, 31, 189, 194, 195, 197, 312, 313, 315, 333, 336–338, 341 HPLT (PEGS option), 355, 379, 389 IAPRIM, 372, 374, 375, 380 IARG, 340–342, 344 IAUSFL, 192, 342 IDISC, 317, 336 importance sampling, 189, 191, 193 incoherent scattering function, 131, 318, 319, 326, 372, 374, 375, 380 inelastic scattering, 28 infrared catastrophe, 28, 38 interaction probability, 27 ionization, 20, 21, 28, 137, 194 IPHTER, 327 IRNEW, 336, 337 IROLD, 190 IRSPLT, 190 joint density function, 22, 29, 30 joint distribution function, 22 K-edge, 120, 121, 327 K1HSCL, 327 K1LSCL, 327 422
Klein-Nishina formula, 62 Landau distribution, 82 lateral spread, 21 leading particle biasing, 188, 191 Lorentz force, 193 LPM effect, 28, 37, 38 Møller scattering, 41, 61, 66 radiative, 41 magnetic field transport, 188, 193 MAIN, 31, 312, 315, 318, 319, 322–324, 326, 331–334 marginal density function, 25 mass absorption coefficient, 21 materialization (see pair production), 20 mean free path, 27 media data, 31 MIX, 33 mixed sampling, 25 MIXT (PEGS option), 371, 375, 376, 382 Molière multiple scattering, 82, 83 Bethe condition, 87, 91, 319, 328 reduced angle, 83 validity, 87, 91, 92, 319, 328 MOLLER, 342 MORSE-CG, 188, 198 multiple scattering, 20, 28, 54, 82, 194, 319, 380 see also Goudsmit-Saunderson, 91 see also Molière multiple scattering, 82 step-size dependence, 108, 112, 155, 318, 319, 324, 327, 328, 373–375, 381 NAMELIST, 30 NP, 342 NTALLY, 189 PAIR, 342 pair production, 20, 21, 27, 37, 191, 329 electron field, 41 polar angle, 315 threshold, 53 PAIRDR, 53 PAIRDZ, 53 particle trajectories, 194 PCUT, 325, 326, 341 PEGS, 28, 30, 31, 41 function descriptions, 367–370 subroutine descriptions, 364, 365 PEGS3, 42 P<strong>EGS5</strong>, 31, 312, 313, 315, 318, 324, 325 PHOTO, 120, 342 photoelectric effect, 20, 27, 120, 128, 327 PHOTON, 120, 192, 336, 342 photon transport, 27 photoneutron, 21 PHOTTE, 120 PHOTTZ, 120 PLAN2P, 188 PLANE1, 188 PLTI (PEGS option), 355, 378, 388 PLTN (PEGS option), 355, 379, 388 PMDCON, 33 polar angle (see secondary angle), 54 polarization, 38 (see also density effect), 37 polarized photons scattering, 132, 319, 327, 334 preprocessor code (see PEGS), 30 pressure correction factor, 81 probability density function (see also density function), 22 probability theory, 21 PWLF (PEGS option), 355, 377, 384 radiation integral, 41 radiation length, 31, 33, 42 radiation loss, 20, 21 random hinge, 96, 104 moments, 98 random number generator, 320, 330 restart, 331 random variable, 22, 27, 29 range rejection, 328 Rayleigh scattering, 27, 128, 318, 319, 326, 372, 374, 375, 380 rejection sampling, 24, 25, 44 restricted stopping power, 74, 372, 374, 375, 380 RHOR, 328 423
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THE EGS5 CODE SYSTEM 1 Hideo Hiraya
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Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Inten
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2.15.6 Electron Step-Size Selection
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B.4.9 Output of Results (Step 9) .
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List of Figures 2.1 Program flow an
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C.4 Subprogram relationships in PEG
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B.5 Variable descriptions for COMMO
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PREFACE In the nineteen years since
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Intent o
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“shower book”. For various reas
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1.2.2 EGS1 About this time Nelson b
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MSCAT. These versions of EGS, PEGS,
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ten for energies less than 100 MeV
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- Molière multiple scattering (i.e
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EGS5. The primary advantages of thi
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ICRU37-compliant using the NIST dat
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high Z materials. Del Guerra et al.
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One of these six cross sections is
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at low energies. The latter, couple
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If E 1 and E 2 are expressions invo
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The result of this algorithm is tha
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2.4 Particle Transport Simulation T
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from appropriate distribution funct
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parameters which may be needed. The
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arrived at their values in a very m
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Math FORTRAN Program Table 2.1 (con
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Figure 2.2: Feynman diagrams for br
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defined by δ ij = 1 if i = j, 0 ot
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Davies, Bethe and Maximon[49] (e.g.
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cross section given in Equation 2.4
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and use this as the variable to be
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we have Now define δ ′ = ∆ C
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This agrees with formula (10) of Bu
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That is, using Equations 2.122 and
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d˘Σ P air, Run−time dE = [ 2 3
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Angular distribution formulas The f
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at either x = 0, x = (πE 0 ) 2 (i.
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The following table, derived from t
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Figure 2.3: Feynman diagrams for tw
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where X 0 = radiation length (cm),
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where α ′ 1 = α ′ 2 = k 0 ′
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+ 1 E 2 ′ − 1 E 1 ′ − C 2 l
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PEGS functions BHABDM, BHABRM, and
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To find the limits of E, we first c
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Figure 2.5: Feynman diagram for sin
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Ī adj = average adjusted mean ioni
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Table 2.2 (cont.) Z Symbol Atomic D
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Table 2.3 (cont.) LABEL a m s x 0 x
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(c) If 10.5 ≤ −C < 11.0 then x
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obtain the real scattering angle. E
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ρ = material mass density (g/cm 3
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Hence, so that ln [1.13 + 3.76(αZ
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g 3 (θ) = θ4 ( ) λf (0) (θ) + f
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Actually, b = 0 does not correspond
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Assume that an electron starts off
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At small path lengths t, a very lar
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x Final Direction φ Θ ∆x t Init
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shown that this version of the rand
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and as we noted earlier, they are d
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Final Direction x Energy Hinges φ
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Transport Steps, ∆ E = E x ESTEPE
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tranport step 1 DEINITIAL1 DERESID1
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= ∆E ( ∣ ∣∣∣ dE −1 ∣
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Since the CSDA range is uniquely de
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short steps accurate, but slow step
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Table 2.4: Materials used in refere
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Average Lateral Displacement (cm) 0
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100 MeV Electrons 0.01 0.001 Li C L
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actions involving photons with ener
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Cu 40 keV Counts (/keV/sr/source) 1
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Table 2.6: Data sources for general
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2.16.2 Photoelectron Angular Distri
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where r 0 is the classical electron
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second term on the right-hand side
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Z θ k Y O φ e 0 X k 0 Figure 2.23
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Note the similarities and differenc
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X Z ω k 0 O e 0 Y Figure 2.25: Dir
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W = Atomic, molecular and mixture w
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In order to use EGS5 to answer the
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write(6,100) 100 FORMAT(’ PEGS5-c
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! plate is 1 mm thick !------------
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implicit none include ’include/eg
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0.989 MeV kinetic energy Brem photo
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! locally (in fact EDEP = particles
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inmax=max(binmax,ebin(j)) end do wr
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0.40 0.0058 * 0.60 0.0054 * 0.80 0.
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!----------------------------------
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endif if(loop.lt.3) then write(6,12
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180 FORMAT(/’ Knock-on electrons
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common/score/escore(3), iscore(3) r
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Brem photons can be created and any
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in any combination of 31 well speci
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end do end do ! nmed and dunit defa
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! ------------------------------ cl
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if (iarg.eq.17) then ! A Compton sc
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! the general purpose geometry subr
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eturn end !------------------------
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open(UNIT= 6,FILE=’egs5job.out’
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write(6,130) 130 format(/’ Start
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icol= * int(dlog10(ebin(j)*10000.0/
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0.0300 0.0000* 0.0320 0.0001* 0.034
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0.0780 0.0014 * 0.0800 0.0012 * 0.0
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The main purpose of this section, h
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4.1.3 Leading Particle Biasing The
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• Sum the weighted energy deposit
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4 z 6 Vac 11 5 Pb 6 5 Air 7 4 9 10
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Figure 4.3: UCBEND simulation at 3.
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necessary geometry input. The follo
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Appendix A EGS5 FLOW DIAGRAMS Hideo
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subroutine annih Version 051219-143
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¡ eq 1 anormr = 1./sqrt(anorm2) si
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1 br = max(br,0.D0) ekse2 = br*ekin
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1 2 3 br = br*p esg = eie*br yes es
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¤ ne ¤ ne subroutine collis (lele
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¦ ne ¦ ne call ausgab(iarg) 6 iq(
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subroutine compt Version 051219-143
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3 4 5 6 icprof(medium) .eq. 3 no ye
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subroutine counters_out Version 051
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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 no ii .ne. jj yes no
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© ne 1 2 3 neispl = (2*neispl + 1)
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subroutine electr(ircode) ielectr =
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13 detot = e(np)-ecu
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2324 25 26 27 28 29 30 ustep .gt. d
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4142 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 ecut(irne
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5859 60 61 62 63 64 tmscat .eq. 0.0
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73 74 75 76 no edep .lt. e(np) yes
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subroutine hardx (charge,kEnergy,ke
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1 2 3 4 5 iz = izz iz .eq. 0 no xsi
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13 14 15 16 17 sint .ne. 0. yes rde
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19 im=1 im=im+1 im >nmed no yes no
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22 23 write(kmpo,1610) read(kmpi,12
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26 27 28 iprofm(im) .ne. 1 no yes w
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30 31 32 33 34 esig0(i,im) = esig0(
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36 37 38 no iedgfl(ii).ne.0 .or. ia
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no kaug .eq. 6 call lshell(3) kaug.
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subroutine kxray Version 051219-143
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1 2 3 dfl3aug(5,iz) .eq. 0. no naug
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1 2 3 4 rnnow .le. omegal2(iz) + f2
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1 2 dflx3(6,iz) .eq. 0. no nxray=nx
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1 impacr(ir(np)).eq.1 .and. iedgfl(
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1 2 fject = (ktot - k1grd(iprt,ik1)
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5 6 7 8 9 thr = 1./eta "Central cor
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1 2 3 delta = delcm(medium)*del "Re
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8 9 10 11 12 galpha .ge. 0.0 yes no
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subroutine photo Version 051219-143
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4 5 6 7 8 rnnow .le. pbran(i) no ye
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12 13 14 beta = sqrt((eelec - RM)*(
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subroutine photon Version 051219-14
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6 7 8 9 10 idisc .gt. 0 yes no edep
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17 18 19 20 21 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0
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27 28 iausfl(iarg+1) ne 0 no ircod
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subroutine rk1 Version 060313-0945
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4 5 6 j=1 j=j+1 j>neke-1 no yes j .
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18 19 20 21 22 23 elkeold = elke k1
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1 2 "end of file; go to 13" read(17
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4 5 "go to 30" no abs(k1mine-k1grd(
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7 8 read(17,'(72a1)') buffer read(1
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subroutine shower (iqi,ei,xi,yi,zi,
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subroutine uphi(ientry,lvl) Version
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subroutine randomset(rndum) Version
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subroutine rluxinit Version 051219-
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1 i=1 i=i+1 i>24 no yes seeds(i) =
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subroutine rluxin Version 051219-14
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Appendix B EGS5 USER MANUAL Hideo H
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Table B.1: Variable descriptions fo
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Table B.12: Variable descriptions f
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Optional parameter modifications Th
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the call to PEGS5 may be skipped if
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egions. Execution of EGS5 is termin
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of the transport in the walls of el
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call rluxinit after specifying LUXL
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END OF FILE ON UNIT 12 PROGRAM STOP
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do i=1,ncases uf(1)=ufi vf(1)=vfi w
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crossed, then USTEP should be set t
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subroutine howfar implicit none inc
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Table B.18: IARG values program sta
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As an example of how to write an AU
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!**********************************
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nreg=3 do i=2,nreg ecut(i)=100.0 pc
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nlines=0 nwrite=15 !---------------
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if (nlines.lt.nwrite) then write(6,
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Appendix C PEGS USER MANUAL Hideo H
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is entered. On each pass through th
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(from previous figure) (to previous
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(from previous figure) | | + ------
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+------+ |BREMTR| +------+ | V +---
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+------+ |PAIRTR| +------+ | V +---
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Name DCSLOAD DCSSTOR DCSTAB ELASTIN
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Name AFFACT AINTP ALKE ALKEI ALIN A
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Table C.5: Functions in PEGS, part
Page 387 and 388: +------+ +------+ +------+ +------+
Page 389 and 390: Table C.8: ELEM option input data l
Page 391 and 392: Table C.10: MIXT option input data
Page 393 and 394: Table C.12: PWLF option input data
Page 395 and 396: Table C.17: PLTN option input data
Page 397 and 398: ICPROF is set to 3, the user must c
Page 399 and 400: Column Line 12345678911234567892123
Page 401 and 402: interiors of the intervals. If FEXA
Page 403 and 404: C.3.6 The TEST Option The TEST opti
Page 405 and 406: C.3.9 The HPLT Option The Histogram
Page 407 and 408: Appendix D EGS5 INSTALLATION GUIDE
Page 409 and 410: egs5 directory (preferably using th
Page 411 and 412: 6. The user is then asked to key-in
Page 413 and 414: * User code tutor1.f has been compi
Page 415 and 416: Appendix E CONTENTS OF THE EGS5 DIS
Page 417 and 418: All of the actual FORTRAN source co
Page 419 and 420: aprime.data Data for empirical brem
Page 421 and 422: eryllium iron silicon bismuth krypt
Page 423 and 424: The tutorial problems and advanced
Page 425 and 426: Bibliography [1] R. G. Alsmiller Jr
Page 427 and 428: [28] A. F. Bielajew. HOWFAR and HOW
Page 429 and 430: [59] K. Flöttmann. Investigations
Page 431 and 432: [92] H. Kolbenstvedt. Simple theory
Page 433 and 434: [123] Y. Namito, H. Hirayama, A. Ta
Page 435 and 436: [156] Y. A. Shreider, editor. The M
Page 437: Index “shower book”, 37 AE, 28,
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