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CHEMICAL SENSES Taste (or Gustation) The nerves involved in the chemical senses respond to chemicals rather than to energy, like light and sound waves. Chemicals from the food we eat (or whatever else we stick into our mouths) are absorbed by taste buds on our tongue (see Fig. 4.3). Taste buds are located on papillae, which are the bumps you can see on your tongue. Taste buds are located all over the tongue and some parts of the inside of the cheeks and roof of the mouth. Humans sense five different types of tastes: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (“savory” or “meaty” taste). Some taste buds respond more intensely to a specific taste and more weakly to others. People differ in their ability to taste food. The more densely packed the taste buds, the more chemicals are absorbed, and the more intensely the food is tasted. You can get an idea of how densely packed taste buds are by looking at the papillae on your tongue. If all the bumps are packed tightly together, you probably taste food intensely. If they are spread apart, you are probably a weak taster. What we think of as the flavor of food is actually a combination of taste and smell. Smell (or Olfaction) Our sense of smell also depends on chemicals emitted by substances. Molecules of substances, hot chocolate for example, rise into the air. Some of them are drawn into our nose. The molecules settle in a mucous membrane at the top of each nostril and are absorbed by receptor cells located there. The exact types of these receptor cells are not yet known, as they are for taste buds. Some researchers estimate that as many as 100 different types of smell receptors may exist. These receptor cells are linked to the olfactory bulb (see Fig. 4.4), which gathers the messages from the olfactory receptor cells and sends this information to the brain. Interestingly, the nerve fibers from the olfactory bulb connect to the brain at the amygdala and then to the hippocampus, which make up the limbic system— responsible for emotional impulses and memory. The impulses from all the other senses go through the thalamus first before being sent to the appopriate cortices. This direct connection to the limbic system may explain why smell is such a powerful trigger for memories.
Figure 4.3. Taste sensors. Figure 4.4. Cross section of the olfactory system.
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A 1 E=mc 2 This eBook is downloaded
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About the Authors Allyson Weseley h
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Perception Practice Questions 5 Sta
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13 Treatment of Psychological Disor
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The College Board recently revised
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Overview of the AP Psychology Exam
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(A) negative reinforcement. (B) sha
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(B) 2 years (C) 4 years (D) 8 years
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(A) damage to her fovea. (B) place
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(A) humanistic. (B) sociocultural.
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48. In the past when Nuara’s comp
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(E) central 59. Which part of the b
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(D) 82 (E) 95 70. The typical age o
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(C) idiographic (D) sociocultural (
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(C) long-term memory. (D) echoic me
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Answer Key DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1. B 36.
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necessarily related to being creati
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uses magnetic fields to show both s
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the high school students taking AP
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when people’s preexisting beliefs
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of the trials but simply not had an
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76. (C) Group therapy tends to be l
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89. (D) The prefrontal cortex plays
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MULTIPLE-CHOICE ERROR ANALYSIS SHEE
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QUESTION 1 SCORING RUBRIC This is a
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eal-world violence” as the variab
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attention determines what informati
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Also, notice that this (fictional)
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History and Approaches CHAPTER 1 KE
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epression—the pushing down into t
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certain neurotransmitters in the br
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(D) focused entirely on human males
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13. Symbolic dream analysis might b
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10. (D) Watson referred to the cond
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Page 92 and 93: Biological Bases of Behavior CHAPTE
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Page 114 and 115: Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 4
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Page 128 and 129: Figure 4.5. Optical illusion. Gesta
Page 130 and 131: Depth Cues One of the most importan
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Page 138 and 139: OVERVIEW While you are reading this
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Page 144 and 145: Researcher Ernest Hilgard explained
Page 146 and 147: Practice Questions Directions: Each
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with one person at a party but then
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One factor is the order in which th
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memory, is stored elsewhere in the
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THINKING AND CREATIVITY Describing
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very different than what the design
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(D) The words in each language affe
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(C) a child of normal mental abilit
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14. (C) The critical-period hypothe
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OVERVIEW In my psychology class, I
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motivation to return to the baselin
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hypothalamus act in opposition to c
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Sexual Response Cycle The famous la
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esponds best to can give managers a
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Schachter showed that people who ar
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Practice Questions Directions: Each
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(B) decreased motivation to perform
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equally active in work groups and m
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Konrad Lorenz Harry Harlow Mary Ain
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MOTOR/SENSORY DEVELOPMENT Reflexes
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MARY AINSWORTH Mary Ainsworth resea
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Sigmund Freud Historically, Freud w
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Integrity versus despair Toward the
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Formal operations (12 through adult
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During the next level of moral reas
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etween the sexes. However, biopsych
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(A) teratogens. (B) stress on the m
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(E) authoritative 15. Which of the
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Personality CHAPTER 10 KEY TERMS Pe
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Both the Oedipus and Electra crises
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• Biff continues to act as if he
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Impact of Freudian Theory Despite i
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BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Biological theo
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HUMANISTIC THEORIES Many of the mod
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psychologists, particularly cogniti
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(C) identifying core principles by
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7. (C) Dr. Li is using the TAT (the
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Testing and Individual Differences
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same person, it clearly does not ac
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Charles Spearman One fundamental is
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created a test that would identify
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NATURE VERSUS NURTURE: INTELLIGENCE
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12. Although her score on the perso
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7. (C) Spearman argued that intelli
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Abnormal Psychology CHAPTER 12 KEY
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Disorders (DSM). Periodically, this
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a situation in which one could emba
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Dissociative identity disorder (DID
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A growing body of evidence suggests
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• Parkinson’s disease, characte
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Paraphilias or psychosexual disorde
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(C) cognitive (D) behavioral (E) so
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psychologists would locate the caus
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Albert Ellis OVERVIEW Just as there
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of Consciousness,” is an altered
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the doctor’s office. His mother m
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suffering from a social phobia migh
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The most intrusive and rarest form
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2. Coretta’s therapist says littl
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(B) client-centered (C) aversive co
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9. (B) Transference is when patient
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Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Philli
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already said that the boring task w
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attribution error. Say that you go
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Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
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that good-looking people are percei
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TABLE 14.1 Group polarization is th
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(C) modeling. (D) diffusion of resp
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14. On the first day of class, Mr.
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error is a different attributional
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Here’s another example: A psychol
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(E) Table manners are learned by re
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Answering Free-Response Questions C
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6. When asked about a psychological
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INTERPRETING THE RUBRIC Notice how
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Point 4 — Not awarded—The stude
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(E) PTSD. 5. Which psychological pe
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(A) social facilitation (B) deindiv
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(B) contextual intelligence (C) div
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34. Which of the following statisti
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(E) adult genital stage. 45. Daniel
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(D) the fundamental attribution err
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64. Matt’s research design could
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(C) the social role hypothesis. (D)
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(A) social facilitation. (B) confor
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(D) James-Lange theory (E) opponent
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #1 1. D 36
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6. (C) Pascale would best be classi
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18. (B) Counterconditioning lies at
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29. (E) Of the disorders listed, ma
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40. (E) Jamie’s printer problems
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ethics. People with low self-esteem
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take the energy from impulses they
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Genna’s right hemisphere was dama
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SSRIs (serotonin selective reuptake
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effect would not be particularly he
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Question 1 Scoring Rubric This is a
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Part B Point 4 — Yerkes-Dodson la
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(A) hearing (B) touch (C) balance (
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(A) proximity and similarity (B) to
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(C) primary (physical) and secondar
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(C) unconditional positive regard (
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(E) Dreams reflect variations in br
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(C) median (D) mean (E) normal curv
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(B) semantic memory (C) procedural
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(D) disorganized, paranoid, cataton
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(C) Operant conditioning is used to
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(B) to explain the biomedical sympt
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #2 1. C 36
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nondamaged parts of the brain and r
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28. (D) Stimulation of the lateral
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48. (A) Psychotherapies all involve
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67. (D) Generalization occurs in cl
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hybrid cars” and “don’t own h
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Multiple-Choice Error Analysis Shee
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Point 3 — Students need to briefl
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SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE ESSAY 2 SCO
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