AP Psych Barrons

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Testing and Individual Differences CH<strong>AP</strong>TER 11 KEY TERMS Standardized test Norms Standardization sample <strong>Psych</strong>ometrician Reliability—split-half, test-retest, equivalent form Validity—face, criterion-related (concurrent and predictive), construct Aptitude test Achievement test Intelligence Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Multiple intelligences Triarchic theory of intelligence Emotional intelligence Stanford-Binet IQ test Wechsler tests (WAIS, WISC, WPPSI) Normal distribution Heritability Flynn effect KEY PEOPLE Francis Galton Charles Spearman Howard Gardner Daniel Goleman Robert Sternberg Alfred Binet Louis Terman David Wechsler OVERVIEW We all take many standardized tests and receive scores that tell us how we perform. Given the world in which we have grown up, it is almost unimaginable that there ever could have been a time during which people’s mental abilities were not measured and tested. Francis Galton was a pioneer in the study of human intelligence and testing, who initiated the use of surveys for collecting data and developed and applied statistics toward its analysis. In this chapter, we will review what makes for a good test, how to interpret your scores on such tests, and what different kinds of tests exist. Then we will focus on one of the most tested characteristics of all, intelligence.
STANDARDIZATION AND NORMS When we say that a test is standardized, we mean that the test items have been piloted on a similar population of people as those who are meant to take the test and that achievement norms have been established. For instance, consider the scholastic achievement test (SAT), a test with which many of you are probably all too familiar. When you take the SAT, you take an experimental section, a group of questions on which you will not be evaluated. In this case, you are helping the Educational Testing Service (ETS) to standardize its future examinations. Those people taking the SAT on a particular testing date are fairly representative of the population of people taking the SAT in general. Such a group of people is known as the standardization sample. The psychometricians (people who make tests) at ETS use the performance of the standardization sample on the experimental sections to choose items for future tests. The purpose of tests is to distinguish between people. Therefore, test questions that virtually everyone answers correctly as well as questions that almost no one can answer are discarded. Such items do not provide information that differentiates between the people taking the test. As you are probably aware, questions on the SAT are arranged, within a given section, in order of difficulty. The difficulty level of the questions has been predetermined by the performance of the standardization sample. Ideally, this process of standardization yields equivalent exams, allowing a fair comparison between one person’s score on the November 2011 SAT with another’s on the May 2012 SAT. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY In order for us to have any faith in the meaning of a test score, we must believe the test is both reliable and valid. Reliability refers to the repeatability or consistency of the test as a means of measurement. For instance, if you were to take a test three times that purportedly determined what career you should pursue, and on each occasion you received radically different recommendations, you might question the reliability of the test. Similarly, if you scored 115, 92, and 133 on three different administrations of the same IQ (intelligence quotient) test, you would have little reason to believe your intelligence had been accurately measured. The reliability of a test can be measured in several different ways. Split-half reliability involves randomly dividing a test into two different sections and then correlating people’s performances on the two halves. The closer the correlation coefficient is to +1, the greater the split-half reliability of the test. Many tests are available in several equivalent forms. The correlation between performance on the different forms of the test is known as equivalent-form reliability. Finally, test-retest reliability refers to the correlation between a person’s score on one administration of the test with the same person’s score on a subsequent administration of the test. A test is valid when it measures what it is supposed to measure. Validity is often referred to as the accuracy of a test. A personality test is valid if it truly measures an individual’s personality, and the career inventory described above is valid only if it actually measures for what jobs a person is best suited. The latter example should serve to highlight an important point: a test cannot be valid if it is not reliable. If subsequent administrations of the career inventory yield grossly disparate results for the
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A 1 E=mc 2 This eBook is downloaded
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About the Authors Allyson Weseley h
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Perception Practice Questions 5 Sta
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13 Treatment of Psychological Disor
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The College Board recently revised
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Overview of the AP Psychology Exam
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(A) negative reinforcement. (B) sha
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(B) 2 years (C) 4 years (D) 8 years
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(A) damage to her fovea. (B) place
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(A) humanistic. (B) sociocultural.
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48. In the past when Nuara’s comp
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(E) central 59. Which part of the b
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(D) 82 (E) 95 70. The typical age o
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(C) idiographic (D) sociocultural (
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(C) long-term memory. (D) echoic me
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Answer Key DIAGNOSTIC TEST 1. B 36.
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necessarily related to being creati
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uses magnetic fields to show both s
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the high school students taking AP
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when people’s preexisting beliefs
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of the trials but simply not had an
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76. (C) Group therapy tends to be l
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89. (D) The prefrontal cortex plays
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MULTIPLE-CHOICE ERROR ANALYSIS SHEE
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QUESTION 1 SCORING RUBRIC This is a
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eal-world violence” as the variab
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attention determines what informati
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Also, notice that this (fictional)
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History and Approaches CHAPTER 1 KE
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epression—the pushing down into t
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certain neurotransmitters in the br
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(D) focused entirely on human males
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13. Symbolic dream analysis might b
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10. (D) Watson referred to the cond
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Coercion Informed consent Anonymity
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the study and therefore are not par
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groups may possibly be due not to t
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irth onward. If I seek to control a
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since that value is in excess of ev
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perfect, negative correlation and +
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In both cases, you would be correct
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(A) sampling error. (B) the need to
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II. Having a computer generate a ra
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accredited commercial sources) and
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Biological Bases of Behavior CHAPTE
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Terminal buttons (also called end b
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Afferent Neurons (or Sensory Neuron
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heart rate, blood pressure, and res
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An electroencephalogram (EEG) detec
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Pons The pons (located just above t
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sensory messages and controls the m
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of each retina are processed in the
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separate families obviously share v
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(E) neurons, synapses, and cerebral
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2. (B) The motor cortex (which is l
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Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 4
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The first three senses listed here,
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enough bipolar cells fire, the next
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Figure 4.2. Cross section of the ea
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CHEMICAL SENSES Taste (or Gustation
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BODY POSITION SENSES Vestibular Sen
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Perceptual Theories Psychologists u
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Figure 4.5. Optical illusion. Gesta
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Depth Cues One of the most importan
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3. In a perception research lab, yo
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14. What behavior would be difficul
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is being filled in, instead of an i
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OVERVIEW While you are reading this
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Sleep Cycle You may be familiar wit
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up until his graduation from high s
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Researcher Ernest Hilgard explained
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Practice Questions Directions: Each
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12. In the context of this unit, th
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activation-synthesis theory of drea
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Albert Bandura Edward Tolman Wolfga
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esponse to the white rat. Aversive
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B. F. Skinner, who coined the term
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things in the Skinner box or the ba
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and tend, instead, to bury the disk
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Tolman reasoned that these rats mus
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(B) aversive conditioning. (C) simu
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1. (B) The music before a scary eve
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important point: the word positive
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Functional fixedness Confirmation b
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with one person at a party but then
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One factor is the order in which th
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memory, is stored elsewhere in the
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THINKING AND CREATIVITY Describing
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very different than what the design
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(D) The words in each language affe
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(C) a child of normal mental abilit
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14. (C) The critical-period hypothe
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OVERVIEW In my psychology class, I
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motivation to return to the baselin
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hypothalamus act in opposition to c
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Page 234 and 235: BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Biological theo
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Page 252 and 253: NATURE VERSUS NURTURE: INTELLIGENCE
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Page 260 and 261: Abnormal Psychology CHAPTER 12 KEY
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9. (B) Transference is when patient
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Stanley Milgram Irving Janis Philli
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already said that the boring task w
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attribution error. Say that you go
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Origin of Stereotypes and Prejudice
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that good-looking people are percei
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TABLE 14.1 Group polarization is th
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(C) modeling. (D) diffusion of resp
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14. On the first day of class, Mr.
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error is a different attributional
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Here’s another example: A psychol
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(E) Table manners are learned by re
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Answering Free-Response Questions C
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6. When asked about a psychological
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INTERPRETING THE RUBRIC Notice how
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Point 4 — Not awarded—The stude
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(E) PTSD. 5. Which psychological pe
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(A) social facilitation (B) deindiv
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(B) contextual intelligence (C) div
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34. Which of the following statisti
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(E) adult genital stage. 45. Daniel
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(D) the fundamental attribution err
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64. Matt’s research design could
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(C) the social role hypothesis. (D)
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(A) social facilitation. (B) confor
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(D) James-Lange theory (E) opponent
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #1 1. D 36
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6. (C) Pascale would best be classi
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18. (B) Counterconditioning lies at
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29. (E) Of the disorders listed, ma
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40. (E) Jamie’s printer problems
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ethics. People with low self-esteem
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take the energy from impulses they
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Genna’s right hemisphere was dama
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SSRIs (serotonin selective reuptake
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effect would not be particularly he
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Question 1 Scoring Rubric This is a
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Part B Point 4 — Yerkes-Dodson la
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(A) hearing (B) touch (C) balance (
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(A) proximity and similarity (B) to
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(C) primary (physical) and secondar
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(C) unconditional positive regard (
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(E) Dreams reflect variations in br
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(C) median (D) mean (E) normal curv
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(B) semantic memory (C) procedural
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(D) disorganized, paranoid, cataton
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(C) Operant conditioning is used to
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(B) to explain the biomedical sympt
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Answer Key PRACTICE TEST #2 1. C 36
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nondamaged parts of the brain and r
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28. (D) Stimulation of the lateral
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48. (A) Psychotherapies all involve
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67. (D) Generalization occurs in cl
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hybrid cars” and “don’t own h
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Multiple-Choice Error Analysis Shee
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Point 3 — Students need to briefl
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SAMPLE STUDENT RESPONSE ESSAY 2 SCO
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